The Blue Bird: A Fairy Play in Six Acts by Maurice Maeterlinck

 The Blue Bird: A Fairy Play in Six Acts by Maurice Maeterlinck

莫里斯·梅特林克(Maurice Maeterlinck，1862—1949)，比利時象徵派戲劇家。出生於公證人家庭，早年學習法律，畢業後隨即到巴黎小住，結識了一些崇尚象徵派詩歌的朋友，從此決定了他的文學生涯和創作傾向。 
他的第一部作品《溫室》(1889)是像徵派詩歌集。同年發表的劇本《瑪萊娜公主》得到了法國評論界的重視，這個劇本第一次把象徵主義手法運用到戲劇創作中。此後，梅特林克接二連三地發表劇作。 
九十年代是他創作的第一個時期，這時期最有名的作品《佩萊亞斯和梅麗桑德》(1892)是根據中世紀騎士故事改寫的一個愛情悲劇。從二十世紀初到他最後一個劇本(寫於1929)，梅特林克進入一個創作新階段，除代表作《青鳥》(1908)外，較優秀的作品還有《莫娜·瓦娜》( 1902)、《聖安東的顯靈》(1919)等。《莫娜·瓦娜》描寫同名女主人公為避免生靈塗炭，毅然作出自我犧牲，《聖安東的顯靈》抨擊爭奪遺產的種種醜態。梅特林克寫過二十多個劇本，在二十世紀初已成為最重要的象徵派劇作家，1911年獲諾貝爾文學獎金。 　　

《青鳥》通過兩個小孩尋找青鳥的故事反映了作者對窮人生活的同情、對現實和未來的樂觀態度和幢憬。劇中運用了意味雋永的各種各樣的象徵手法。青鳥包含著幾層象徵意義，它是獨一無二的人類幸福的體現者，它又包含著大自然的奧秘，因此它既體現著人類精神上的幸福，同時又體現著人類物質上的幸福，既關係到現實生活，又關係到未來生活。作者用青鳥這樣具體的事物來表示抽象的觀念，他要說明，人類幸福是存在的，雖然我們總不能發現，以為離我們很遠，但經過千難萬險最終是可以找到的，即使會得而復失，也能再次找到。這種象徵手法似乎比正面的述說具有更強烈的藝術效果。在劇中各種有形和無形的物質、各種動植物、各種思想情感、各種社會現象、甚至抽象的概念和未來的事物都擬人化了，給人的啟發具體而形象。它具有童話劇的優美詩意，而一般的童話劇卻沒有它深邃的哲理意味。這些都是《青鳥》一劇成功的所在。

 梅特林克兒童劇《青鳥》，這個故事教給我們，幸福就在我們所在的地方，就在我們的家鄉。
 英文譯本
 http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8606/pg8606.html

• The 100th anniversary of Maurice Maeterlinck's greatest contemporary success, his play The Blue Bird, was selected as the main motif of a high-value collectors' coin: the Belgian 50 euro Maurice Maeterlinck commemorative coin, minted in 2008.

Maurice Maeterlinck commemorative coin

梅特林克：青鳥

目錄

譯本前言  服裝  人物表  第一幕  第二幕  第三幕  第四幕  第五幕  第六幕

鑑古觀今／溫紳專欄

1949年5月6日

文章不是寫給自己看！



　以劇作「青鳥」而獲得一九一一年諾貝爾文學獎的比裔詩人、小說家兼劇作家梅特林，一九四九年的今天逝世於法國尼斯，享年八十七 歲。 

　這位近代象徵派戲劇代表的文豪，早年是一位律師，直到二十七 歲時才轉向文壇發展，並且全身投入創作生涯，使得當時親朋好友都為他的轉變深感詫異；但他並不以為忤，因為梅特林認為寫文章能為更廣大的民眾服務，所以不惜毅然中止令人羨慕的律師職業。 

　影響這位律師執著於文學創作的人，說來可真傳奇，竟是帶養他十二載的保母。梅特林說：這位保母向他說了十二 年情節曲折的故事，每一則故事竟然都沒有雷同的地方。也許因為受到保母的影響太大了，以致梅特林在作品中甚且出現很多女性才有的細膩技巧，譬如：「年老的人，有時需要親吻女性的前額或小孩的臉頰，這才會使他重新感到生命的躍動！」 

　諸如此類細緻有加的詞句，恁誰也難以相信是出自一位大男人的手中，因而有部分人士抨擊他的作品「專以情節誘人而全無價值」。為此，梅特林寫了一本比普通書都厚的答辯狀，特別強調說：「文章是寫給人欣賞的，並非寫給自己看！」正因為如此，難怪他的作品會到處叫座！ 

The Golden Age Of Illustration

Leslie Marlowe  · sed時8g8 9ll小h2t4a7  · 

Frederick Cayley Robinson (1862-1927) illustrated this Poster for The Blue Bird, Maurice Maeterlinck’s fairy play first performed at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket in 1909.

The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures (1825~2021)。法拉第傳：Chemical History of a Candle By Michael Faraday 1791-1867， Michael Faraday Prize

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Michael Faraday delivering a Christmas Lecture in 1856.

The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures are a series of lectures on a single topic each, which have been held at the Royal Institution in London each year since 1825, missing 1939–1942 because of the Second World War. The lectures present scientific subjects to a general audience, including young people, in an informative and entertaining manner. Michael Faraday initiated the Christmas Lecture series in 1825, at a time when organised education for young people was scarce. Faraday presented nineteen series of lectures in all.

Contents

• 1History
  • 1.1Television
• 2List of Christmas lectures
  • 2.11825 to 1965
  • 2.2Since 1966
• 3References
• 4External links

History[edit]

A close-up image of a candle showing the wick and the various parts of the flame; Michael Faraday lectured on "The Chemical History of a Candle".

The Royal Institution's Christmas Lectures were first held in 1825,^[1] and have continued on an annual basis since then except during the Second World War.^[2] They have been hosted each year at the Royal Institution itself, except in 1929 and between 2005–2006, each time due to refurbishment of the building.^[3] They were created by Michael Faraday, who later hosted the lecture season on nineteen occasions. The Nobel laureate Sir William Bragg gave the Christmas lectures on four occasions, and his co-laureate son Sir Lawrence Bragg gave them twice. Other notable lecturers have included Desmond Morris (1964), Eric Laithwaite (1966 & 1974), Sir George Porter (1969 & 1976), Sir David Attenborough (1973), Heinz Wolff (1975), Carl Sagan (1977), Richard Dawkins (1991), Baroness Susan Greenfield (1994), Dame Nancy Rothwell (1998), Monica Grady (2003), Sue Hartley (2009), Alison Woollard (2013), Danielle George (2014), and Saiful Islam (2016).^[4][5][6]

The props for the lectures are designed and created by the RI's science demonstration technician, a post which Faraday previously held. A popular technician, with the advent of television, serving from 1948 to 1986, was Bill Coates. The technician is informed of the general subject of the lectures during spring, but the specifics aren't settled until September, with the recordings made in mid-December.^[4] By 2009, the lectures had expanded to a series of five sessions each year. However, in 2010 the Royal Institution cut back on costs as it had become over £2 million in debt. These cost-cutting measures included the budget allotted to the Christmas Lectures. This resulted in a reduction from five sessions to three.^[7]

Television[edit]

A single Christmas Lecture, by G. I. Taylor, was the first to be televised, in 1936, on the BBC's fledgling Television Service.^[8

List of Christmas lectures[edit]

1825 to 1965[edit]

The following is a complete list of the Christmas Lectures from 1825 to 1965:

Year	Lecturer(s)	Title of series
1825	John Millington	Natural Philosophy
1826	John Wallis[14]	Astronomy
1827	Michael Faraday	Chemistry
1828	J. Wood	Architecture
1829	Michael Faraday	Electricity
1830	Thomas Webster	Geology
1831	James Rennie	Zoology
1832	Michael Faraday	Chemistry
1833	John Lindley	Botany
1834	William Thomas Brande	Chemistry
1835	Michael Faraday	Electricity
1836	William Thomas Brande	Chemistry of the Gases
1837	Michael Faraday	Chemistry
1838	John Wallis[14]	Astronomy
1839	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and the Ocean
1840	John Frederic Daniell	The First Principles of Franklinic Electricity
1841	Michael Faraday	The Rudiments of Chemistry
1842	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements
1843	Michael Faraday	First Principles of Electricity
1844	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of the Gases
1845	Michael Faraday	The Rudiments of Chemistry
1846	John Wallis[14]	The Rudiments of Astronomy
1847	William Thomas Brande	The Elements of Organic Chemistry
1848	Michael Faraday	The Chemical History of a Candle
1849	Robert Walker	The Properties of Matter and the Laws of Motion
1850	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of Coal
1851	Michael Faraday	Attractive Forces
1852		Chemistry
1853		Voltaic Electricity
1854		The Chemistry of Combustion
1855		The Distinctive Properties of the Common Metals
1856		Attractive Forces
1857		Static Electricity
1858		The Metallic Properties
1859		The Various Forces of Matter and their Relations to Each Other
1860		The Chemical History of a Candle
1861	John Tyndall	Light
1862	Edward Frankland	Air and Water
1863	John Tyndall	Electricity at Rest and Electricity in Motion
1864	Edward Frankland	The Chemistry of a Coal
1865	John Tyndall	Sound
1866	Edward Frankland	The Chemistry of Gases
1867	John Tyndall	Heat and Cold
1868	William Odling	The Chemical Changes of Carbon
1869	John Tyndall	Light
1870	William Odling	Burning and Unburning
1871	John Tyndall	Ice, Water, Vapour and Air
1872	William Odling	Air and Gas
1873	John Tyndall	The Motion and Sensation of Sound
1874	John Hall Gladstone	The Voltaic Battery
1875	John Tyndall	Experimental Electricity
1876	John Hall Gladstone	The Chemistry of Fire
1877	John Tyndall	Heat, Visible and Invisible
1878	James Dewar	A Soap Bubble
1879	John Tyndall	Water and Air
1880	James Dewar	Atoms
1881	Robert Stawell Ball	The Sun, the Moon and the Planets
1882	John Tyndall	Light and the Eye
1883	James Dewar	Alchemy in Relation to Modern Science
1884	John Tyndall	The Sources of Electricity
1885	James Dewar	The Story of a Meteorite
1886		The Chemistry of Light and Photography
1887	Robert Stawell Ball	Astronomy
1888	James Dewar	Clouds and Cloudland
1889	Arthur Rücker	Electricity
1890	James Dewar	Frost and Fire
1891	John Gray McKendrick	Life in Motion; or the Animal Machine
1892	Robert Stawell Ball	Astronomy
1893	James Dewar	Air: Gaseous and Liquid
1894	John Ambrose Fleming	The Work of an Electric Current
1895	John Gray McKendrick	Sound, Hearing and Speech
1896	Sylvanus Phillips Thompson	Light, Visible and Invisible
1897	Oliver Lodge	The Principles of the Electric Telegraph
1898	Robert Stawell Ball	Astronomy
1899	Charles Vernon Boys	Fluids in Motion and at Rest
1900	Robert Stawell Ball	Great Chapters from the Book of Nature
1901	John Ambrose Fleming	Waves and Ripples in Water, Air and Aether
1902	Henry Selby Hele-Shaw	Locomotion : On the Earth, Through the Water, in the Air
1903	Edwin Ray Lankester	Extinct Animals
1904	Henry Cunynghame	Ancient and Modern Methods of Measuring Time
1905	Herbert Hall Turner	Astronomy
1906	William Duddell	Signalling to a Distance
1907	David Gill	Astronomy, Old and New
1908	William Stirling	The Wheel of Life
1909	William Duddell	Modern Electricity
1910	Sylvanus Phillips Thompson	Sound: Musical and Non-Musical
1911	Peter Chalmers Mitchell	The Childhood of Animals
1912	James Dewar	Christmas Lecture Epilogues
1913	Herbert Hall Turner	A Voyage in Space
1914	Charles Vernon Boys	Science in the Home
1915	Herbert Hall Turner	Wireless Messages from the Stars
1916	Arthur Keith	The Human Machine Which All Must Work
1917	John Ambrose Fleming	Our Useful Servants : Magnetism and Electricity
1918	D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson	The Fish of the Sea
1919	William Henry Bragg	The World of Sound
1920	John Arthur Thomson	The Haunts of Life
1921	John Ambrose Fleming	Electric Waves and Wireless Telephony
1922	Herbert Hall Turner	Six Steps Up the Ladder to the Stars
1923	William Henry Bragg	Concerning the Nature of Things
1924	Francis Balfour-Browne	Concerning the Habits of Insects
1925	William Henry Bragg	Old Trades and New Knowledge
1926	Archibald Vivian Hill	Nerves and Muscles: How We Feel and Move
1927	Edward Andrade	Engines
1928	Alexander Wood	Sound Waves and their Uses
1929	Stephen Glanville	How Things Were Done in Ancient Egypt
1930	Arthur Mannering Tyndall	The Electric Spark
1931	William Henry Bragg	The Universe of Light
1932	Alexander Oliver Rankine	The Round of the Waters
1933	James Hopwood Jeans	Through Space and Time
1934	William Lawrence Bragg	Electricity
1935	Charles Edward Kenneth Mees	Photography
1936	Geoffrey Ingram Taylor	Ships
1937	Julian Huxley	Rare Animals and the Disappearance of Wild Life
1938	James Kendall	Young Chemists and Great Discoveries
1939–1942	No lectures due to the Second World War
1943	Edward Andrade	Vibrations and Waves
1944	Harold Spencer Jones	Astronomy in our Daily Life
1945	Robert Watson-Watt	Wireless
1946	Hamilton Hartridge	Colours and How We See Them
1947	Eric Keightly Rideal	Chemical Reactions: How They Work
1948	Frederic Bartlett	The Mind at Work and Play
1949	Percy Dunsheath	The Electric Current
1950	Edward Andrade	Waves and Vibrations
1951	James Gray	How Animals Move
1952	F. Sherwood Taylor	How Science Has Grown
1953	John Ashworth Ratcliffe	The Uses of Radio Waves
1954	Frank Whittle	The Story of Petroleum
1955	Harry W. Melville	Big Molecules
1956	Harry Baines	Photography
1957	Julian Huxley and James Fisher	Birds
1958	John Ashworth Ratcliffe, James M. Stagg, Robert L. F. Boyd, Graham Sutton, George E. R. Deacon, Gordon de Quetteville Robin	International Geophysical Year
1959	Thomas Allibone	The Release and Use of Atomic Energy
1960	Vernon Ellis Cosslett	Seeing the Very Small
1961	William Lawrence Bragg	Electricity
1962	R. E. D. (Richard Evelyn Donohue) Bishop	Vibration
1963	Ronald King	Energy
1964	Desmond Morris	Animal Behaviour
1965	Bernard Lovell, Francis Graham-Smith, Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish	Exploration of the Universe

Since 1966[edit]

The following is a list of televised Christmas Lectures from 1966 onward as of December 2021:

Year	Lecturer(s)	Title of series	Lecture titles	Network
1966	Eric Laithwaite	The Engineer in Wonderland[15]	1. The White Rabbit 2. Only the Grin was Left 3. The Caucus Race 4. Curiouser and Curiouser 5. If only I were the right size to do it 6. It's the Oldest Rule in the Book	BBC Two
1967	Richard L. Gregory	The Intelligent Eye[16]	1. Ancient Eyes and Simple Brains 2. Learning to See Things 3. Playing with Illusions 4. How Illusions Play Games with Us 5. Human Eyes in Space 6. The Future-Machines that See?
1968	Philip Morrison	Gulliver's Laws: The Physics of Large and Small[17]	1. The World of Captain Gulliver 2. Meat and Drink Sufficient... 3. A Prodigious Leap? 4. Lilliput and Brobdingnag since the Industrial Revolution 5. Dwarf and Giant Numbers 6. Beyond the Map
1969	George Porter	Time Machines[18]	1. In the Beginning... 2. Clockwork Harmony 3. The Tick of the Atom 4. Big Time, Little Time 5. Faster, Faster 6. To the Ends of Time
1970	John Napier	Monkeys Without Tails: A Giraffe's Eye-view of Man[19]	1. Man has a very short neck and no tail 2. Man comes in several different sizes and shapes 3. Fancy having to climb trees in order to eat 4. Man chooses a sensible place to live at last 5. Why choose to walk on two legs when it is much safer on four? 6. What's the idea of shooting at us?
1971	Charles Taylor	Sounds of Music: The Science of Tones and Tune[20]	1. Making and Measuring the Waves 2. From Small Beginnings 3. Growing and Changing 4. Craftsmanship and Technology 5. On the Way to the Ear 6. The End of the Journey
1972	Geoffrey G. Gouriet	Ripples in the Ether: The Science of Radio Communication[21]	1. How It All Began 2. Getting Rid of the Wires 3. The Sound of Broadcasting 4. Pictures With and Without Wires 5. But Electrons aren't Coloured! 6. Vision of the Future
1973	David Attenborough	The Language of Animals	1. Beware! 2. Be Mine 3. Parents and Children 4. Simple Signs and Complicated Communications 5. Foreign Languages 6. Animal Language, Human Language
1974	Eric Laithwaite	The Engineer Through the Looking Glass	1. Looking Glass House 2. Tweedledum and Tweedledee 3. Jam Yesterday, Jam Tomorrow 4. The Jabberwock 5. The Time has come the Walrus said 6. It's my own Invention
1975	Heinz Wolff	Signals from the Interior	1. You as an engine 2. Pumps pipes and flows 3. Spikes and waves 4. Probes, sondes and sounds 5. Looking through your skin 6. Signals from the mind
1976	George Porter	The Natural History of a Sunbeam[22]	1. First Light 2. Light and Life 3. A Leaf from Nature 4. Candles from the Sun 5. Making Light Work 6. Survival Under the Sun
1977	Carl Sagan	The Planets	1. The Earth as a Planet 2. The Outer Solar System and Life 3. The History of Mars 4. Mars before Viking 5. Mars after Viking 6. Planetary Systems Beyond Our Sun
1978	Erik Christopher Zeeman	Mathematics into Pictures	1. Linking and Knotting 2. Numbers and Geometry 3. Infinity and Perspective 4. Games and Evolution 5. Waves and Music 6. Catastrophe and Psychology
1979	Eric M. Rogers	Atoms for Engineering Minds: A Circus of Experiments[23]	1. Getting to Know Atoms 2. Molecules in Motion 3. Electrified Atoms 4. Atoms that Explode 5. Atoms and Energy 6. Seeing Atoms at Last
1980	David Chilton Phillips with Max Perutz in Lecture 5	The Chicken, the Egg and the Molecules	1. What are chickens made of? 2. Machine tools of life 3. Muscle power 4. Eggs, genes and proteins 5. Haemoglobin: the breathing molecule 6. Molecules at work
1981	Reginald Victor Jones	From Magna Carta to Microchip[24]	1. Principles, Standards and Methods 2. The Measurement of Time 3. More and More About Less and Less 4. Onwards to the Stars 5. Measurement and Navigation in War 6. Some Impacts of Measurement on Life: And Can We Take it too Far?
1982	Colin Blakemore	Common Sense[25]	1. Making Sense 2. The Sound of Silence 3. The Sixth Sense - and the Rest 4. Show Me the Way to Go Home 5. Vive la différence 6. Enchanted Loom
1983	Leonard Maunder	Machines in Motion[26]	1. Driving Forces 2. Gathering Momentum 3. Vibration 4. Under Control 5. Fluids and Flight 6. Living Machines
1984	Walter Bodmer	The Message of the Genes[27]	1. We're All Different 2. The Spice of Life 3. Genetic Engineering 4. Bodies and Antibodies 5. Normal Cells and Cancer Cells 6. When Will Pigs Have Wings?
1985	John David Pye	Communicating[28]	1. No Man is an Island 2. Animal Talk 3. The Bionic Bat 4. The Pace of Technology 5. The Integrated Body 6. Computers
1986	Lewis Wolpert	Frankenstein's Quest: Development of Life[29]	1. First Take an Egg... 2. The Medium and the Message 3. The Right Stuff 4. Genes and Flies 5. Chain of Command 6. Growing Up and Growing Old
1987	John Meurig Thomas and David Phillips	Crystals and Lasers	1. Introducing the characters 2. The architecture of crystals 3. Semiconductors, superconductors and catalysts 4. Constructing a laser 5. Applications of lasers 6. Crystals, lasers and the human body
1988	Gareth Roberts	The Home of the Future[30]	1. Appliance Science 2. Home, Safe Home 3. Electronics for Pleasure 4. Home, Smart Home 5. Mixers, Meters and Molecules
1989	Charles Taylor	Exploring Music[31]	1. What Is Music? 2. The Essence of an Instrument 3. Science, Strings and Symphonies 4. Technology, Trumpets and Tunes 5. Scales, Synthesisers and Samplers
1990	Malcolm Longair	Origins[32]	1. The Grand Design 2. The Birth of the Stars 3. The Origin of Quasars 4. The Origin of the Galaxies 5. The Origin of the Universe
1991	Richard Dawkins	Growing Up in the Universe	1. Waking Up in the Universe 2. Designed and Designoid Objects 3. Climbing Mount Improbable 4. The Ultraviolet Garden 5. The Genesis of Purpose
1992	Charles J. M. Stirling	Our World Through the Looking Glass	1. Man in the Mirror 2. Narwhals, Palindromes and Chesterfield Station 3. The Handed Molecule 4. Symmetry, Sensation and Sex 5. In the Hands of Giants
1993	Frank Close	The Cosmic Onion	1. A is for Atoms 2. To the Centre of the Sun 3. Invaders from Outer Space 4. Anti-Matter Matters 5. An Hour to Make the Universe
1994	Susan Greenfield	Journey to the Centre of the Brain[33][34]	1. The Electric Ape 2. Through a Glass Darkly 3. Bubble Bubble Toil and Trouble 4. The Seven Ages of the Brain 5. The Mind's I
1995	James Jackson	Planet Earth, An Explorer's Guide	1. On the Edge of the World 2. Secrets of the Deep 3. Volcanoes: Melting the Earth 4. The Puzzle of the Continents 5. Waterworld
1996	Simon Conway Morris	The History in our Bones[35]	1. Staring into the Abyss 2. The Fossils Come Alive 3. The Great Dyings: Life after Death 4. Innovations And Novelty 5. Feet on the Ground, Head in the Stars: The History of Man
1997	Ian Stewart	The Magical Maze	1. Sunflowers and Snowflakes 2. The Pattern of Tiny Feet 3. Outrageous Fortune 4. Chaos and Cauliflowers 5. Fearful Symmetry
1998	Nancy Rothwell	Staying Alive	1. Sense and Sensitivity 2. Fats and figures 3. Chilling out 4. Times of our lives 5. Pushing the limits
1999	Neil F. Johnson	Arrows of Time[36]	1. Back to the Future 2. Catching the Waves 3. The Quantum Leap 4. Edge of Chaos 5. Shaping the Future
2000	Kevin Warwick	Rise of the Robots[37]	1. Anatomy of an Android 2. Things That Think 3. Remote Robots 4. Bionic Bodies 5. I, Robot	Channel 4
2001	John Sulston	The Secrets of Life[38]	1. What is life? 2. How do I grow? 3. What am I? 4. Can we fix it? 5. Future of life?
2002	Tony Ryan	Smart Stuff[39]	1. The Spider that Spun a Suspension Bridge 2. The Trainer That Ran Over The World 3. The Phone that Shrank the Planet 4. The Plaster that Stretches Life 5. The Ice Cream that Will Freeze Granny
2003	Monica Grady	Voyage in Space and Time[40]	1. Blast Off 2. Mission to Mars 3. Planet Patrol 4. Collision Course 5. Anybody Out There?
2004	Lloyd Peck	Antarctica[40]	1. Ice People 2. Ice Life 3. Ice World
2005	John Krebs	The Truth About Food	1. The ape that cooks 2. Yuck or yummy? 3. You are what you eat 4. When food goes wrong 5. Food for the future	Channel Five
2006	Marcus du Sautoy	The Num8er My5teries[41]	1. The curious incident of the never-ending numbers 2. The quest to predict the future 3. The story of the elusive shapes 4. The case of the uncrackable code 5. The secret of the winning streak
2007	Hugh Montgomery	Back from the Brink: The Science of Survival	1. Peak Performance 2. Completely Stuffed 3. Grilled and Chilled 4. Fight, Flight and Fright 5. Luck, Genes and Stupidity
2008	Christopher Bishop	Hi-tech Trek	1. Breaking the Speed Limit 2. Chips with Everything 3. The Ghost in the Machine 4. Untangling the Web 5. Digital Intelligence
2009	Sue Hartley	The 300-Million-Year War	1. Plant Wars 2. The Animals Strike Back 3. Talking Trees 4. Dangerous to Delicious 5. Weapons of the Future	More4
2010	Mark Miodownik	Size Matters	1. Why Elephants Can't Dance but Hamsters Can Skydive 2. Why Chocolate Melts and Jet Planes Don't 3. Why Mountains Are So Small	BBC Four
2011	Bruce Hood	Meet Your Brain[42]	1. What's in your head? 2. Who's in charge here anyway? 3. Are you thinking what I'm thinking?
2012	Peter Wothers	The Modern Alchemist	1. Air: the elixir of life 2. Water: the fountain of youth 3. Earth: the philosopher's stone
2013	Alison Woollard	Life Fantastic	1. Where do I come from? 2. Am I a Mutant? 3. Could I live forever?
2014	Danielle George	Sparks will fly: How to Hack your Home	1. The light bulb moment 2. Making contact 3. A new revolution
2015	Kevin Fong	How to survive in space	1. Lift off! 2. Life in Orbit 3. The next frontier
2016	Saiful Islam	Supercharged: Fuelling the future	1. Let there be light! 2. People Power 3. Fully charged
2017	Sophie Scott	The Language of Life	1. Say it with Sound 2. Silent Messages 3. The Word
2018	Alice Roberts Aoife McLysaght	Who am I?[43]	1. Where Do I Come From? 2. What Makes Me Human? 3. What Makes Me, Me?
2019	Hannah Fry	Secrets and Lies: The Hidden Power of Maths[44]	1. How to Get Lucky 2. How to Bend the Rules 3. How Can We All Win?
2020	Christopher Jackson Helen Czerski Tara Shine	Planet Earth: A user's guide[45]	1. Earth Engine 2. Water World 3. Up in the Air
2021	Jonathan Van-Tam	Going viral: How Covid changed science forever[46]	1. The Invisible Enemy 2. The Perfect Storm 3. Fighting Back

Ben Chen

最愛  · 13分鐘  · 

（YouTube 字幕，自動翻譯可以選擇中文，可以給它85分）

英國皇家學院，2021年耶誕節演講：今年主題：面對病毒

第一講：看不見的敵人

Going viral: How Covid changed science forever – The invisible enemy

https://www.rigb.org/....../going-viral-how-covid......……

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YOUTUBE.COM

2021 – Christmas Lectures – Jonathan Van Tam – Going Viral – L3學生的桌子上。

他輕鬆喜悅，彷彿享受做這些事。我才體會，成為老師是自發性的想幫助學生。」
──阿貝爾(Frederick Abel,1827-1902)
Frederick Abel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abel



Sir Frederick Augustus Abel, 1st Baronet KCB, FRS (17 July 1827 – 6 September 1902) was an ... appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, succeeding Michael Faraday, who had held that post since 1829.
From 1854 until 1888 Abel served as ordnance chemist at the Chemical Establishment of the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich,[2] establishing himself as the leading British authority on explosives. Three years later was appointed chemist to the War Department[2] and chemical referee to the government. During his tenure of this office, which lasted until 1888, he carried out a large amount of work in connection with the chemistry of explosives.


The British Library

Scientist Michael Faraday, famous for establishing the field of electromagnetism and inventor of the electric motor, transformer and generator, died #onthisday in 1867.
Faraday rose from laboratory assistant to become Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution in 1833. In this letter written in 1859, he comments on William Thomson's experiments and uses diagrams to discuss problems of electromagnetic induction with reference to various metals and substances. Faraday also makes reference to his own approach to science. He wrote: 'I never can judge an experiment and make up my mind about it without doing it.' http://bit.ly/2bJpRJn





Michael Faraday's Telegraphy Letter
This letter from Michael Faraday to Thomson is written at a critical period in William Thomson’s studies of problems in telegraphy.

BL.UK



British Museum


Scientist Michael Faraday was born ‪#‎onthisday‬ in 1791. He used to be on the back of the Bank of England's £20 note. Here's a portrait of him from the Museum's collection http://ow.ly/BKYh4






書名：電學之父－法拉第的故事，語言：繁體中文，ISBN：9576632463，頁數：208，出版社：文經社，作者：張文亮著，出版日期：1999/10/31，類別：童書/青少年文學.

法拉第传

[美] 阿盖西 著 鲁旭东，康立伟 译
出版社：北京商務印書館2002

　現在出版的關於法拉第的傳記甚至比牛頓和愛因斯坦的傳記還要多。①眾多傳記作者之所以對法拉第情有獨鍾，其主要原因在於，他們把他看作是科學界的灰姑娘。這至少首先有一個明顯的因素，即他身為倫敦貧民區一個窮鐵匠的兒子，但卻成長為一個著名的人物——他那個時代最偉大的實驗物理學家、皇家研究所受歡迎的所長。在我的這部傳記裡，我則認為他是一個醜小鴨，他是一位具有高度思辨和大膽探索精神的思想家而不是實驗家。儘管他是作為一個實驗家而受到崇高尊敬的，但他深感失望的是，他發現作為一個思想家他是被他那個時代的科學共同體排斥的。現在我們能夠明白，他的思想是如何重要。

精彩書評

　　序言
　　現在出版的關於法拉第的傳記甚至比牛頓和愛因斯坦的傳記還要多。①眾多傳記作者之所以對法拉第情有獨鍾，其主要原因在於，他們把他看作是科學界的灰姑娘。這至少首先有一個明顯的因素，即他身為倫敦貧民區一個窮鐵匠的兒子，但卻成長為一個著名的人物--他那個時代最偉大的實驗物理學家、皇家研究所受歡迎的所長。在我的這部傳記裡，我則認為他是一個醜小鴨，他是一位具有高度思辨和大膽探索精神的思想家而不是實驗家。儘管他是作為一個實驗家而受到崇高尊敬的，但他深感失望的是，他發現作為一個思想家他是被他那個時代的科學共同體排斥的。現在我們能夠明白，他的思想是如何重要。
　　除了 ​​皮爾斯·威廉斯所寫的《邁克爾·法拉第傳》(1965年)以外，所有關於法拉第的作品不論長短，都在仿效法拉第的第一部傳記《發現者法拉第》(1868年)。這部傳記的作者約翰·廷德耳是法拉第為數不多的私人朋友之一，並且曾經是惟一最有資格成為法拉第的學生和繼承者的人。正如他的這部書的標題所表明樣，廷德耳認為法拉第是偉大的，因為他從一個微不足道的小人物一舉成名，成為自然界重要事實的發現者。這個論點是無可爭議的。法拉第本人極其重視經驗性的發現，並且為能成為一個發現者而感到非常自豪，對於那些有知識的國民對他的讚揚他懷有許多感激之情。然而，廷德耳的書還是在很大程度上把他歪曲了。法拉第並不認為自己是一個發現者，而是一個理論家和實驗家，他希望自己能作為一名哲學家而聞名於世；對他來說任何成敗都是他對於物理事物的本質思考的成敗，是能否獲得同行決定性關注的成敗。在他去世時，這個問題仍無定論，他是否成功地引起了他的同行對他的推論的關注?廷德耳對這些推論依然採取漠視的態度。但是不久推測者的成功就天下聞名了。
　　現在法拉第的大多數觀點在物理學界已屬平常了，他已經達到了他的目標，儘管這是在他去世以後的事。然而，人們並沒有把他的大部分觀點歸功於他。許多偶然對歷史感興趣的科學家認為，他的研究與直觀的以太模式有著密切聯繫，但他們吃驚地發現，早在電磁學歷史初期，即十九世紀的三十年代，法拉第就確實否認了以太的存在。我詳細地說明，他的許多發現是如何與他關於作為力場的物質的觀點、與他關於作為真空中兩個磁極的力場的觀點相聯繫的。有很多理由認為，所有這些都是奇特的。從歐幾里得到牛頓的那些思想家都認為空問是均勻的和各向同性的，即沒有優先的位置和方向。這是與所有實際的例證相一致的，同樣與所有的哲學和邏輯的觀念也是一致的：虛空是沒有性質的；把物質看作具有真空的性質是荒謬的。沒有證據可以支持法拉第的幻想，而在科學中則要求，在提出理論之前，先要找出支持這些理論的事實，然後這些理論得到進一步的印證，因此科學不會理會法拉第的幻想。

目錄

序言
第一章引言
第二章成長的歲月
第三章場論序幕
第四章最初的收穫
第五章法拉第的方法論
第六章發現者法拉第
第七章法拉第的世界觀
第八章物質的帶電狀態
第九章物質的磁化
第十章結論
人名索引
主題索引

精彩書摘

　　

*****

苦難是化了妝的祝福國語日報家庭版國語日報社網站

　一個人成不成功是在自己，不是在顯赫的學歷，法拉第的一生非常值得我們的學生效法，其中，最值得效法的就是他作筆記的方法。

　　在當時的倫敦，晚上有給一般市民進修的課，叫「都市哲學會」，交一先令就能成為會員去上化學、電學、光學、機械學、地質學等課程。但是法拉第連一先令都沒有，他躊躇再三之後，向他做鐵匠的哥哥開口。這一先令對一般人是不多，但是他哥哥得多捶一百下鐵錘才賺得到，因此他非常珍惜這個機會。

　　他去上課時把一張紙折成一半，把帽子放在膝蓋上，再把紙打開，用帽子當桌子寫字，左邊的紙是記上課的主題、關鍵字句，右邊紙寫的是當時在他腦中迅速一閃而過的反應和看法。下課後，他立刻回家，趁著記憶猶新，將筆記完整有次序的謄寫下來，因為他是用自己的語氣來寫，這個經過他轉換成他的句子出來的知識就很容易保持。他後來成為化學家戴維（Hunphrey Davry）的研究助理，因為他拿了他上戴維四小時課所寫的三百八十四頁筆記去找戴維，戴維很驚訝一個人的筆記可以做得這麼出色，於是就收了他，讓他進了皇家學院，開始他研究生涯的第一步。所以作筆記實在很重要，它絕對不是老師說話的錄音帶，而是上課內容消化後的成果。

Chiuyung Tai

一個人成不成功是在自己，不是在顯赫的學歷，電學之父法拉第（Michael Faraday，1791年9月22日－1867年8月25日）的一生非常值得我們效法，法拉第的家庭一貧如洗，他只有小學畢業，卻憑著自己的努力成為電學專家。法拉第最值得效法的之一就是他作筆記的方法。

　　法拉第去上課時把一張紙折成一半，把帽子放在膝蓋上，再把紙打開，用帽子當桌子寫字，左邊的紙是記上課的主題、關鍵字句，右邊紙寫的是當時在他腦中迅速一閃而過的反應和看法。下課後，他立刻回家，趁著記憶猶新，將筆記完整有次序的謄寫下來，因為他是用自己的語氣來寫，這個經過他轉換成他的句子出來的知識就很容易保持。他後來成為化學家戴維（Hunphrey Davry*）的研究助理，因為他拿了他上戴維四小時課所寫的三百八十四頁筆記去找戴維，戴維很驚訝一個人的筆記可以做得這麼出色，於是就收了他，讓他進了皇家學院，開始他研究生涯的第一步。所以作筆記實在很重要，它絕對不是老師說話的錄音帶，而是上課內容消化後的成果。
法拉第在日記中寫道：「人生有苦難，有重擔，人性有邪惡，有欺凌，但是到後來這些都對我有益處，苦難竟是化了妝的祝福。人生在一連串不完美中，最後總是完美。」

*拼字錯誤，應該是the19th century scientist Sir Humphry Davy 漢弗萊 戴維1778-1829 who invented the miners safety lamp.



 Michael Faraday Prize

英國皇家學院有他的完整檔案：

Michael Faraday

Laboratory Assistant, 1813,1815-1826
Director of the Laboratory, 1825-1867
Fullerian Professor of Chemistry, 1833-1867
Superintendent of the House, 1852-1867

Papers at the Ri

The papers include laboratory notebooks, lecture notes and various publications, some administrative papers on the Royal Institution of Great Britain including cash books, correspondence regarding his work for the Admiralty and the Corporation of Trinity House whilst, general communication with people and other organisations. Other items include his book collection, scrapbooks, portfolio of portraits and apparatus.

Catalogue information is currently available on the National ArchivesA2A (Access to Archives) service and a summary of the collection can be found on the AIM25 website.

Other resources

A complete edition of Faraday's approximately 4900 extant letters is being published under the editorship of Frank James at the Royal Institution.

Find out more about the Correspondence of Michael Faraday.

For more information or if you wish to book an appointment to view the archives please see the main archive page.

英國大科學家法拉第（Michael Faraday）在電磁學、光學及化學上的貢獻，二百年來一直受到舉世推崇。電磁學四大定律之一的法拉第定律，講到如何由磁場變化產生電場，這定律導致馬 達與發電機的發明。在光學上，法拉第效應講的是磁場可以如何改變光的行進，即所謂的磁光效應。在化學上，法拉第發現氣體的液化行為並在電解及電化學等領域 有極大的貢獻，他還製造出許多當時頗為新奇的物質，如四氯乙烯、合金鋼、苯等。有人推崇他是最偉大的實驗家，為了尊敬這位偉人，英國皇家化學學會中設有法 拉第學會（Faraday Society）。

法拉第也是一位傑出的科學教育者，他在一八四○至一八六○年間以蠟燭為主題，對青少年發表的一系列演講尤其著名。演講的內容後來被編成一本書──《蠟燭的化學史》（Chemical History of a Candle），書中篇章包括蠟燭的組成、蠟燭的燃燒，以及氫、氧、水、二氧化碳的物理化學性質，還有大氣的組成。

這一本基礎物理化學通俗讀物在西方十分流行，在此書中，法拉第利用蠟燭將自然的奧祕揭示給世人看，由這本書可以看出法拉第在科學上的素養，以及他 在推廣通俗科學上的努力。法拉第關於蠟燭的第一次演講，是在一八四八年的聖誕節，聽眾是青少年朋友，最後一次則是在一八六○年的聖誕節。

蜡烛的故事(法拉第).pdf_免费高速下载_

• JANUARY 7, 2012

Keeper of the Flame

By PETER PESIC

Michael Faraday is one of the most beguiling and lovable figures in the history of science. Though he could not understand a single equation, he deduced the essential structure of the laws of electromagnetism through visualization and physical intuition. (James Clerk Maxwell would later give them mathematical form.) Albert Einstein kept a picture of Faraday over his desk, for Einstein also thought of himself primarily as a visual and physical thinker, not an abstract mathematician.

Working in London as an apprentice book-binder in the early 1800s, Faraday started to read the books he was binding and to attend popular lectures on science delivered by Humphry Davy, the celebrated chemist. Faraday was so enthralled that he wrote Davy and offered to be his assistant, enclosing the notes he had taken on Davy's lectures. Davy was so impressed that he offered Faraday the job. In time, Faraday succeeded Davy as a professor at the Royal Institution in London, making many crucial discoveries in physics and chemistry.

Chemical History of a Candle

By Michael Faraday
Oxford, 152 pages, $24.95

Faraday was not only a wizard of experimental skill but a deep thinker and theorist. He noticed during one of his lectures that a moving magnet would induce a current in a coil though a stationary magnet would not. This induction effect is essential to the functioning of every motor, generator or electromagnetic device currently in operation.

Faraday was also a wonderful lecturer. In the 1820s he originated the Christmas Lectures at the Royal Institution, which continue to this day. They were popular presentations meant primarily for young people, but princes and politicians also flocked to hear him. "The Chemical History of a Candle," perhaps Faraday's most famous series of lectures, has remained in print since first delivered in 1861. This edition, including a facsimile of Faraday's original handwritten notes, was produced to celebrate the 150th anniversary.

Faraday's text is still charming and rich, a judgment that few popular works on science could sustain after so many years. Though he addresses himself to an "auditory of juveniles," he calls for his audience to follow a close chain of reasoning presented through a series of experiments and deductions. Not many current popularizations ask or offer as much. To be sure, Faraday treated his hearers to plenty of explosions and chemical wonders, but in so doing he let them experience the authentic scientific process of thoughtful questioning.ndrew Unangst/Getty Images

At every turn, Faraday surprises us with the hidden facets of the candle's burning, such as how its seemingly immaterial flame derives its brilliance from the combustion of solid, dirty soot. In his exposition, the abstract names of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide take on fullness and character, as if they were the protagonists of an amazing drama in which we also find ourselves: "In every one of us there is a living process of combustion going on very similar to that of a candle," as Faraday illustrates in his experiments.

In his closing, he turns from our metabolic resemblance to a candle to his deeper wish that "you may, like it, shine as lights to those about you."

Frank James, Faraday's successor at the Royal Institution, has written an introduction that will be useful to those curious about the origins and reception of this classic text, but I wish he had included more of the general background about Faraday himself that would help a wider public appreciate the book. Captions would have helped readers understand the drawings; more detailed notes would have helped clarify the text. Though we are told that what Faraday calls carbonic acid we know as carbon dioxide, we are left in the dark about "coal-gas." Readers might well wonder what, if anything, modern chemistry can add anything to Faraday's account.

Faraday thought of himself as a "philosopher," not a "physicist" (a new-fangled term he disliked). Addressing us as "we philosophers," he adds that "I hope that I may class you and myself together in this case." By philosophy he means not abstract speculation but intense questioning of the things of this world: "Why does the ice float [upon water]? — Think of that, and philosophize. Because the ice is larger than the quantity of water which can produce it, and therefore the ice weighs the lighter and the water is the heaver." We philosophers should all rejoice to see his little classic shedding its gentle light again.
—Mr. Pesic is the author of "Sky in a Bottle."