「bernard」的搜尋結果
In his Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine of 1865, Claude Bernard (see Bernard, 1957) used his own researches on animal functions to show ...
He was also encouraging Bernard Lovell to develop cosmic ray studies by constructing a huge radio telescope at Jodrell ...
... from the twentieth century to Claude Bernard (c.1860), to Francois Magendie (c.1820), to Xavier Bichat (c.1800) and to Albrecht von Haller (c.1760). ...
Philosophically, like Claude Bernard, he was a follower of Auguste Comte, the founder of positivism. For positivists, science was the discovery of laws (not ...
It seems significant that both Berthelot and Bernard worked at the College de France, a privileged Parisian facility for research and special lecture ...
The promise of Bernard's Experimental Medicine (see Bernard, 1957) was clear and persuasive: what could be controlled in laboratory animals today might be ...
很抱歉，此頁的內容受到限制.
Bernard, C. (1957), An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, trans. HC Greene, New York. Berridge, V. (1996), AIDS in the UK: The Making of ...
Grmek, MD (1970), 'Claude Bernard', Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 2, New York, 24-34. Guagnini, A. (1991), The Fashioning of ...
Holmes, FL (1974), Claude Bernard and Animal Chemistry, Cambridge, MA. Holmes, FL (1985), Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life, Madison. ...
... 124 Becquerel, Alexandre, 151, 154 Becquerel, Antoine, 150 Becquerel, Henri, 151 Bernard, Claude, 13, 140-7, 152 Berthelot, Marcelin, 141-3 Berzelius, ...
Lovell, Bernard, 125 luxury goods, 72, 81 Macdonald, Michael, 47 Mach, Ernst, 145 machines collections of, 77, 94 efficiency of, 96-7 Magendie,
Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine
認識方式︰一種新的科學、技術和醫學史 Ways of Knowing:A new history of science,technology and medicine
- 作者：[英]約翰‧V‧皮克斯通（Pickstone,J.V.）
- 譯者：陳朝勇
- 出版社：上海科技教育出版社
- 出版日期：2008年
本書的範圍從博物學到工業科學，從自然巫術到現代商業的誘惑，從對軀體、機器和語言的分析到自然和科學的意義的問題。
本書以流暢的、非專業的文字給出在科學史、在常常是分離的技術和醫學史方面近期最好的學術成就。這些領域的專家可以讀到這種方法的新奇之處，歷史和文化研 究者可以讀到這種方法的範圍可到之處和可延伸之處。對于關心科學的倫理和政治維度的所有人，本書提供了爭論的長期視角和工具。
目錄
top致謝
致讀者
第一章 認識方式︰導論
方法概述
本書的任務
歷史概覽
第二章 世界解讀︰自然的意義和科學的意義
現代西醫中的多樣性
意義和解讀
文藝復興時期的宇宙論
祛魅?
自然神學和自然疾病
革命、尊崇性和進化
科學、進步和國家
現代主義者的人性
自然和文化
第三章 博物學
“志”和表現
新大陸、新特征和新創造者
名門人的特點
自然帝國
通俗博物學
新舊技術展
“博物學”在現在
第四章 分析與合理化生產
古代世界的分析
分析的雄心
化學元素
分析對于工程師
分析和“物理學”
合理化生產
合理化和同一性
生產和分析科學
第五章 身體、大地和社會的元素
醫學分析︰尸體和患者
分析植物和分析動物
大地科學
分析社會
反思分析的機構
第六章 實驗主義和發明
實驗的意義
實驗志
實驗和分析時代
化學中的合成
生物醫學科學中的實驗主義
物理科學中的實驗主義
雲、塵埃和控制
實驗主義和知識的等級
實驗和發明
第七章 工業、大學和技術科學聯合體
分析和已確立的技術
電學分析和合成
電工技術和工業實驗室
染料和醫藥
針對／來自微生物的藥物
在第一次世界大戰期間及其後的科學和工業
在第二次世界大戰期間及其後的技術科學
結尾
第八章 技術科學和公眾 理解︰約2000年的英國案例
“沒有人理解我們”
科學回到商業
研究“公眾理解科學”
技術科學的政治
理解公眾的科學
分析和“科學”的範圍
公眾和博物學
公眾理解和世界解讀
科學、價值和歷史
注釋
參考文獻
序
top從最初英國出版之後的數年里，《認識方式》在西方學者中引起了越來越多的關注。重要期刊《Isis》（2007年9月）最近發表了我的論點的發展。在此說明中，我想提及這些發展的某些內容，並思考本書與中國讀者有怎樣的關系。
本書通過集中討論與四種“做或工作方式”相關的四種“認識方式”ﾊ，解釋“在西方”的科學、技術和醫學史 我們首先看前兩種認識和工作方式︰
1）世界的“解讀”，好像世界是由文本構成，及相關的修辭或說服“工作”；
2）世界上事物的描述和分類，及我們用以對這些事物進行處理的手工藝實踐。
好像所有文化大概都使用這兩種形式的“工作知識”。我們都試圖說服其他人關于事件的意義；我們都分出事物並通過各種手工藝改變它們。第一種實踐涉及符號， 第二種涉及自然種類——但是這些相互分離的程度隨時間和空間而變化很大，並且在許多文化的宇宙論中“自然事物”和“意義載體”之間並沒有清楚的分離。認識 到一定的疾病如癲癇的“自然性”被宣告為（某些）古希臘醫生的成就，癲癇以前被解讀為神的千預。但是最現代的我們在突患重病時仍然會奇怪“為什麼是我？” 我們沉默的答案可能是對我們生活的判定，不僅是與細胞和分子相關。
我很想更多地知道在中國文化中這些“自然化”過程的情況。自學者們得到寬慰，他們告訴我，在他們想比較東方和西方時，像“宇宙論”、“手工藝”（及“醫 ”）這樣的詞似乎適用，而像“科學”這樣的近代西方的範疇卻很難翻譯。（本書第二章論述西方的宇宙論，從1500至2000年︰第三章論述自然事物和手工 制品。）
我所描述的在悠久的西方傳統中的第三個元素是數學——以數的觀點理解模式。以疊加的圓周運動的觀點分析復雜的行星運動是古代的偉大成就之一，並形成當時幫 助改變西方宇宙論的數學傳統的核心，這些數學傳統也幫助人們瞄準槍支和航行船只。我希望我說了很多這些理論和實踐傳統的內容，它們與各種宇宙論（即自然哲 學）及對事物的說明（即博物學）一起形成西方認識和工作傳統的三大支柱。你可能會說它們構成“科學”；但是在我看來這樣沒有幫助。如果我們使用這些舊的名 詞，我們就不僅獲得歷史的精確，而且更好地理解這三種途徑的獨特性和持續的意義，及它們的相互作用和理論與實踐的各種關系。我們也開啟了跨文化比較知識傳 統的更好的方法。
這些古老的實踐（自然哲學、混合數學〔mixed mathematics〕和博物學）在某種意義上持續到現在，雖然它們不再用于劃分我們的認識和工作方式的重要的正式的門類。今天我們以各種不同的科學的 觀點思考，並且它們在某些文化中似乎結合成科學（Science）——首字母大寫，並且好像是作為單數對待。本書（在第四、第五章中）探討這些新科學是怎 麼創立的。從18世紀後期直到現在。其中多數國境線分析形式建立，這些分析形式不再僅是數學的，而且以每一種新科學特有的物質的“元素”為主題工作︰如像 地質學中的岩層、組織學中的身體組織、或者分析工程學中的簡單機械——它們所有的元素都或多或少是新的發現。1800年前後，化學是一門模範科學，因為化 學元系如氧已經以一種新的方式被理解——非理解為宇宙的始基（如像地、氣、火、水；或運動中的物質），而是實用主義地理解——為化學家還不能成功分解為其 他遠素的物質。這些新元素中一些是更“物理的”而不是化學的——如光、熱和靜電荷。它們的運動方式和可能相互作用的方式形成新的物理科學的基礎——後當 然、電和光逐漸被看成是“能”的形式時，它們結合成了“物理學”。
Professor John Pickstone
Contact details
Wellcome Research Professor
Simon Building
Oxford Road
Manchester
M13 9PL
Tel: +44 (0)161 275 5926
Email: John.Pickstone@manchester.ac.uk
Research Interests
Mostly aspects of recent medicine, including the Wellcome project on the history of cancer in Britain, work on medical technology, the history of mental health services, and a collaborative project with the NCRDPC on recent changes in the NHS. I am increasingly interested in the uses of history for health policy.
My wider work on ‘Big Pictures’ and ‘Ways of Knowing’ grew from a conviction that through some of the hundreds of excellent papers produced in history of science, technology and medicine since the 1960s, we might develop new and better frames for understanding long-term history. I continue to explore these themes in relation to medical technologies, science-art relations, science-technology relations, and the display of HSTM in museums.
Teaching
I have taught a wide range of courses, but presently have charge of the HSTM survey course for MSc.
Biography
I am currently Wellcome Research Professor in the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, in the Faculty of Life Scinces of the University of Manchester,
Born and raised in Burnley, Lancashire, I studied Natural Sciences, especially physiology at Cambridge and at Queen's University, Canada. I took the MSc in History and Philosophy of Science at University College London (1969), and my PhD at Chelsea College London (1974) - on General Physiology in early nineteenth-century France, especially the work of Dutrochet on osmosis. I held fellowships in History of Medicine at the University of Minnesota (1971-3) and at University College London (1974), before moving in 1974 to the Department of History of Science and Technology, UMIST, Manchester, to work on the history of hospitals in the Manchester region (Lecturer 1977, then Senior Lecturer).
In 1985-6, as part of a rationalisation, I moved to the Victoria University of Manchester and established CHSTM, including the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine and the National Archive for the History of Computing. I directed CHSTM until 2002 when I became a Research Professor.
Now I am publishing mainly on modern medical history, eg cancer and medical technology; but also on regional history of STM, on which I edited two journal numbers in 2007. With Roberta Bivins, I edited a volume in honor of the late Roy Porter (Palgrave, 2007) and with Peter Bowler, I am editing the CUP History of Science volume on Modern Earth and Life Sciences (2008).
My work on Ways of Knowing continues to attract wide attention, including a special session at the (American) HSS conference in Washington, DC, 2007, and an invitation to produce an Ositris volume. With my work on recent medical history, it attracts many international invitations -- most recently (07-08) to Yale, Penn, Paris, Maastricht, Berlin and Mexico.
For the University of Manchester, I recently initiated a series of 'Interfaculty Lectures', and with friends in Manchester Metropolitan University and the City, am planning a major local history festival for 2009.
Publications
(2009) The modern biological and earth sciences; vol 6 of the Cambridge History of Science ,. CUP(Cambridge History of Science).
David Edgerton and John V Pickstone (2009) Science, Technolgy and Medicine in Britain, 1750-2000. CUP Modern Science in National and International Context(Vol 8 of Cambridge History of Science).
Chris Philo and John Pickstone (2009) Unpromising Configurations: towards local historical gepgraphies of psychiatry. Health and Place ?(?): ?.
2008
Emma L Jones and John V Pickstone (2008) The Quest for Public Health in Manchester The industrial city, the NHS and the recent history. Carnegie Publishing(CHSTM series): 158.
Helen K Valier and John V Pickstone (2008) Community, Professions and Business A history of the Cenral Manchester teaching hospitals and the National Health Service. Carnegie Publishing(CHSTM series): 117.
John V Pickstone (2008) The History of History of Medicine. Institute of Historical Research, ON LINE: Histories of History n/a: n/a.
2007
Anderson J, Neary F and Pickstone JV (2007) Surgeons, Manufacturers and Patients: a Transatlantic History of Total Hip Replacement. Palgrave(chstm series): 217.
Pickstone JV (2007) Working Knowledges before and after circa 1800 Practices and Disciplines in the History of Science, Technology and Medicine. ISIS 98(September): 489-516.
Adrian M K Thomas and John V Pickstone (2007) Imaging Revealing the World Within. BMJ 334,(Suppl 1): 12.
(2007) Special volume on the History of Medicine in Manchester: Bulletin of the John Rylands Library of the University of Manchester, vol 87 (2007), With survey article as introduction. University of Manchester(Bull John Rylands): 178.
(2007) Special Volume on the History of Science and Technology in the Manchester Region: Manchester Regional History Review With survey article as introduction. MMU(Manchester Regional History Review, 18): 178.
(2007) Madness, Medicine and Social History Essays in Honour of Roy Porter. Palgrave(chstm series): 295.
John V Pickstone (2007) Medicine in Manchester: Manchester in Medicine, 1750-2005. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library of the University of Manchester 87(1): 13-32.
John V Pickstone (2007) Science and Technology in Manchester: an introduction to the history. Manchester Regional History Review 18: 1-18.
Pickstone JV (2007) Contested Cumulations: Configurations of Cancer Treatments through the Twentieth Century. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 81(1): 164-196.
2006
J. S. Metcalfe and John Pickstone (2006) Replacing Hips and Lenses: Surgery, Industry and Innovation in Post War Britain. Palgrave New Technologies in Health Care. Challenges, Change and Innovat: 14.
John V. Picskstone (2006) Innovation, Diverse Knowledges and the Presumed Singularity of Science. Berghahn Books Cultures of Technology and the Quest for Innovation: 19.
Pickstone (2006) ‘Bones in Lancashire: towards long-term contextual analysis of medical technology’ . Palgrave Devices and Designs. Medical Technologies in Historical Perspec: 19.
2005
Pickstone JV (2005) Science in nineteenth century Britain: plural configurations and singular politics. The British Academy (and Oxford UP) The organisation of knowledge in Victorian Britain: 31.
Pickstone JV (2005) On knowing, acting and the location of technoscience..
Pickstone JV (2005) Medical history as a way of life. Social History of Medicine 18(2): 307-23.
2004
Pickstone JV (2004) Technologie..
2003
Pickstone JV (2003) Objects of modern medicine..
2000
Pickstone JV (2000) Ways of Knowing A New History of Science, Technology and Medicine..
Pickstone JV (2000) Medicine in the Twentieth Century (Routledge, 2002)..
Pickstone JV (2000) Production, community and consumption: the political economy of twentieth century medicine..
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