鬼怒鳴門（唐納德・基恩，1922～2019年）是一位偉大的日本文學研究者、翻譯家。2012年3月初，89歲的他獲得了日本國籍，在東京都北區定居。在其眾多著作中最為引人注目的，恐怕當屬那部獨自撰寫、共計18卷的《日本文學史》。他飽讀古今文學作品原文，從1976年到1997年，耗費21年時間完成了這部巨著。從年紀而言，也就是用了整個從54歲到75歲的期間做出了此番壯舉。
BY TOSHIHIRO YAMANAKA CORRESPONDENT
編者註：在本文日語版發表三天後的2月24日，唐納德・基恩因心力衰竭在東京市內的醫院去世，享耆壽96歲。作為日本通向世界的橋樑，先生的一生，功績卓著，發揮了無人可以替代的寶貴精神。在此我們謹向他表達衷心的感謝，並以本文哀悼，祈願故人安息。
鬼怒鳴門（唐納德・基恩，1922～2019年）是一位偉大的日本文學研究者、翻譯家。2012年3月初，89歲的他獲得了日本國籍，在東京都北區定居。在其眾多著作中最為引人注目的，恐怕當屬那部獨自撰寫、共計18卷的《日本文學史》。他飽讀古今文學作品原文，從1976年到1997年，耗費21年時間完成了這部巨著。從年紀而言，也就是用了整個從54歲到75歲的期間做出了此番壯舉。
30歲出頭完成的曠世名著
在這部作品之前，基恩還有一部曠世名著。那是將從古至今的大量日本文學翻譯作品精選編纂而成的選集，成為了推動日本文學走向世界的契機。他將精選的名作全文或部分章節的英語譯文按照年代順序進行排列，編寫了古典篇《Anthology of Japanese Literature》（《日本文學選集・古典篇》）和近代篇《Modern Japanese Literature：An Anthology》（《日本文學選集・近代篇》）兩冊，分別於1955年和1956年在紐約出版。在英語譯文上，除了借用現成的譯本外，他還委託熟人另行翻譯，或者親自動手翻譯。當時，基恩只有30歲出頭。從《萬葉集》《源氏物語》等古典到三島由紀夫、太宰治等人的現代作品，除了散文作品外，還收錄了和歌、連歌、俳句、漢詩文、能、狂言和淨琉璃等，內容豐富均衡，無論何時看來，都會覺得魅力無窮。
提到此事，基恩微笑著說「託福託福，雖然當時很年輕，但總算是沒出什麼大錯」。
基恩開始編寫這部選集是在1953年夏天，當時他初次來到京都大學研究所留學。令人驚訝的是，1955年5月回國之前，他就完成了從提煉構思，整理大量的原稿並加以編輯，再到出版談判的一系列工作，如此龐大的工程竟然只用了不到兩年的時間。
2013年11月18日，攝於東京北區的唐納德・基恩家中。左邊是筆者（筆者提供）
2013年11月18日，攝於東京北區的唐納德・基恩家中。左邊是筆者（筆者提供）
與源氏物語的邂逅
1938年，16歲。哥倫比亞大學入學時期（提供：柏崎唐納德・基恩中心）
基恩初次接觸到日本文學是在1940年。他在紐約的一家書店用0.49美元(49美分)購買了威利（Arthur Waley）譯本的《源氏物語》（兩冊），從此愛不釋手。由於成績優秀，他在學校跳級，1938年9月，年僅16歲的他進入了哥倫比亞大學，而隔年第二次世界大戰在歐洲開戰後，充斥著戰況報導的報紙令他感覺可怕而無法閱讀。就在此時，威利譯本《源氏物語》的文字之美捕獲了青年基恩的心。
後來，他在哥倫比亞大學參加了角田柳作的「日本思想史」課程，逐漸加深了對於日本的理解。1941年12月，以日軍偷襲夏威夷珍珠港為導火索，日美進入了戰爭狀態。不久之後，他得知了加州大學柏克萊分校有一所海軍日語學校。日美交戰，需要掌握日語，而他在聽廣播說美國缺乏日語人才後，主動寫了一封申請信，希望進入海軍日語學校學習，後得到錄取通知。起初，基恩一門心思考慮的只是學習日語。
1938年，16歲。哥倫比亞大學入學時期（提供：柏崎唐納德・基恩中心）
在海軍日語學校學習日語
1942年2月到1943年1月的11個月，基恩在海軍日語學校接受了集中的日語教育。大部分教師是日裔，教科書用的是長沼直兄編寫的《標準日本語讀本》。除了從入門級別到具有一定修養的日本成年人的讀寫級別的日語外，他還由於軍務中需要解讀手寫文字，學習了「草書」。日裔教師們對學生們傾囊相授，師生之間建立了牢固的信賴關係。
畢業後，基恩以海軍情報士官的身份開始在珍珠港執行任務，後來又隨軍前往阿圖島、基斯卡島、艾達克島、菲律賓、沖繩和關島，從事與日軍相關的翻譯、日軍日記的解讀、日軍俘虜的審訊和翻譯等工作。基恩在課堂上結識了不少可以信賴的日本人，在戰場上對日本人也並不抱憎惡感，他說他從日本人的日記中深刻領悟了他們的內心想法。後來他還寫過一部解讀大量古今日記文學的《百代過客》（正篇・續篇），這成為了其代表作之一。基恩對日記文學的關注，源於他在戰場上的體驗。
1945年，身為海軍情報軍官的基恩在沖繩與日裔二代部下們合影（提供：柏崎唐納德・基恩中心）
1945年8月，大戰在基恩預想的時間之前結束了。他回到了哥倫比亞大學，在研究所學習日本文學。1947年秋天，他轉入哈佛大學，1948年秋天，他開始在英國劍橋大學從事研究活動，1951年憑藉針對近松門左衛門淨琉璃的研究成果，獲得了哥倫比亞大學授予的博士學位。
1945年，身為海軍情報軍官的基恩在沖繩與日裔二代部下們合影（提供：柏崎唐納德・基恩中心）
終於如願前往日本
1945年到1952年的期間，盟軍總司令部（GHQ）佔領下的日本一直沒有接收留學生。直到1951年日美簽署舊金山和約，日本恢復主權，基恩才實現了留學日本的夙願。拿到獎學金後，1953年夏季，他如願前往魂牽夢縈的古都京都留學。
當時，他借住在位於京都市東山區今熊野的一戶民宅，一個標準日式的房子裡。櫻樹和楓樹環繞四周，還能聽到屋前的山谷傳來潺潺溪流聲。他希望體驗傳統的日式生活，所以在寒冷的冬季也不用暖爐，而是用炭火取暖，吃飯也是拜託寄宿家庭的女主人奧村綾子烹煮和食，還在鋪著榻榻米的書房裡擺上一張又矮又小的和式書桌，看書寫字都是跪坐在桌前。在編輯前文提到的《Anthology of Japanese Literature》的過程中，大量的英文打字工作都是在這個書桌上完成的。
1955年5月回到美國的基恩於當年9月出版了作為古典篇的《Anthology of Japanese Literature》。出版之前，日本協會（Japan Society，美國的日本交流團體）曾承諾，如果初版印刷的2000本沒有售完，那麼協會將負責收購，誰知在耶誕節之前初版就宣告售罄了。於是又開始再版加印。令人意想不到的是，在經過戰爭、佔領後，當時與日本的接觸機會越來越多的美國人開始對日本文化產生了興趣。次年，近代篇也順利出版，時至今日，這兩本書依然經常再版印刷。
選集出版半個世紀之後的2006年，在哥倫比亞大學舉行了50週年慶典。基恩回憶起當時的情況稱，在世界各地從事日本文學的教育、研究和翻譯工作的人士齊聚一堂，紛紛表示自己最初接觸到日本文學正是通過這部選集，令自己感到欣喜萬分。
1956年9月13日，基恩在東京品川的喜多能樂堂扮演狂言劇碼「千鳥」中的太郎冠者（渡部雄吉攝影）
1956年9月13日，基恩在東京品川的喜多能樂堂扮演狂言劇碼「千鳥」中的太郎冠者（渡部雄吉攝影）
加入日本籍和新的家人
2012年，在取得日本國籍的同時，基恩擁有了日本人的家人。他將淨琉璃三味線演奏者誠己（68歲）收為了義子。誠己的藝名叫做越後角太夫。
2012年3月8日，取得日本國籍後，基恩舉行記者會，公佈了自己的日本名。後方拿著相機拍照的是他的義子誠己，攝於東京北區政府（時事）
角太夫曾為基恩的朋友在大英博物館圖書館發現的古淨琉璃劇本譜曲，並在2009年進行表演，讓其重見了天日。2017年6月初，兩人合作在大英博物館圖書館實現了「越後國柏崎 弘知法印御傳記」古淨琉璃公演。這個據傳是1692年來到長崎出島荷蘭商館當醫生的德國人肯普法（Engelbert Kaempfer）從日本帶回歐洲的古淨琉璃劇本由此得以重生，還促成基恩和角太夫這對義父義子結下了一段不可思議的緣分。
誠己稱義父為「父親大人」，兩人總是開著玩笑歡談，幸福之情溢於言表。在美國，基恩沒有享受到家庭的天倫之樂，而成為日本人以後，他經常參加誠己親屬們的聚會，被一大群人們圍著叫「大哥」、「伯伯（叔叔）」，那樣的時光總是令他非常享受。
即使邁入96歲高齡，基恩依然筆耕不輟，從沒有停止過新書的撰寫。他說，「我從不認為這將是我的最後一本書」。 基恩畢生取得的偉大成就，今後也將永遠銘記在人們的心中。
2017年5月，在柏崎唐納德・基恩中心觀看古淨琉璃的排練。右邊是義子誠己（宮澤正明攝影）
標題圖片：攝於唐納德・基恩位於東京都北區的家中，2011年10月（時事）
2012年3月8日，取得日本國籍後，基恩舉行記者會，公佈了自己的日本名。後方拿著相機拍照的是他的義子誠己，攝於東京北區政府（時事）
2017年5月，在柏崎唐納德・基恩中心觀看古淨琉璃的排練。右邊是義子誠己（宮澤正明攝影）
近代日本代表性人物的評傳
日本文學研究者、翻譯家（唐納德・基恩，1922～2019年）。Donald Keene’s Japanese Adventure...明治天皇 : 睦仁和他的時代, 1852-1912 / 唐納德.基恩著 ; 曾小楚, 伍秋玉譯 = Emperor of Japan : Meiji and his world, 1852-1912 / by Donald Keene
除了文學作品的研究和翻譯活動外，基恩還在79歲高齡的2001年出版了評傳《明治天皇》，開闢了一片新天地。這是一部分為上下兩冊，共計1000頁的巨著。儘管1945年戰敗後，天皇發表了「人間宣言」，但日本仍然一直沒有一本將明治天皇（1852～1912年）作為凡人加以刻畫的評傳。基恩依據數量龐大的資料，採用嚴謹的筆風，理性地描繪了這樣一個具有國際視野的人類終生扮演著「神」的角色所走過的一生。後來，他在2007年出版了江戶後期畫家《渡邊華山》評傳，歸化日本國籍以後分別於2012和2016年出版了近代日本短詩型文學的兩名改革者《正岡子規》《石川啄木》評傳，每次都引發了言論。
與作家三島由紀夫在一起。1964年6月18日攝於東京虎門「福田家」餐館（提供：中央公論新社）
與作家三島由紀夫在一起。1964年6月18日攝於東京虎門「福田家」餐館（提供：中央公論新社）
Japanese literature expert Keene plans move to Tokyo
2011/04/19
Donald Keene conducts a lecture last month at Columbia University. (Mari Sakamoto)
NEW YORK--The renowned Japanese literature expert Donald Keene, professor emeritus at Columbia University, is teaching for the last time this spring term.
The 88-year-old Keene will step down in late April, bringing to an end a teaching career at Columbia that began in 1955.
After concluding his teaching duties, Keene plans to move permanently to Tokyo and fulfill his dream of writing full time.
Keene was very concerned following the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11. He had made many visits to Chusonji temple in Hiraizumi, Iwate Prefecture, and Matsushima in Miyagi Prefecture, two of the hardest-hit prefectures in the Tohoku region.
"I have had special feelings toward the Tohoku region since I first traveled along the 'Oku no hosomichi' 56 years ago," Keene said. "I lectured for about six months at Tohoku University, and I am acquainted with the priests at Chusonji temple. I am very worried."
Keene referred to the classic work of literature written by the haiku master Matsuo Basho (1644-1694), which he translated into English under the title, "The Narrow Road to Oku."
While there is high scientific interest now in the United States on how to prevent earthquakes and tsunami, Keene is skeptical about the Western-style conviction in science that believes humans can control natural disasters.
"I am a person who has been heavily influenced by Japanese culture," Keene said. "I am moved by the sense of resignation that feels the power held by nature cannot be resisted."
In his final term at Columbia, Keene has been lecturing on such Noh songs as "Funabenkei" and "Yuya."
His initial encounter with Japanese literature was purely by accident.
Having skipped grades in school, Keene entered Columbia University when he was 16. One day, he happened to sit next to a Chinese-American student and started learning kanji from him. Keene was deeply struck by the beauty of kanji.
He was also fascinated by the English translation of "The Tale of Genji" that he read when he was 18, and he volunteered to enter the U.S. Navy's Japanese language school.
He was surprised to hear about Japanese soldiers fighting to the death at Attu in the Aleutian chain. During the Battle of Okinawa, he searched for Japanese hiding in caves.
His days in Qingdao, China, were spent interrogating Japanese prisoners of war.
"I saw the dark side of humans," Keene said. "There were Japanese POWs who betrayed their fellow soldiers, and there were U.S. soldiers who duped Japanese POWs into giving up their artwork possessions."
Becoming fed up with the interrogations, Keene asked for a discharge. He returned to New York, but he could not find an occupation that interested him.
"I resumed my study of Japanese literature because I felt the Japanese language best suited my constitution," he said.
Over the course of 70 years of research, he has written more than 40 books.
When asked to name his personal top three among all the books he has published, Keene gave the Japanese titles for works that he also wrote in English, a multivolume "History of Japanese Literature" as well as books titled in English as "Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion" and "So Lovely A Country Will Never Perish."
"Looking back, what I feel about my life is that it is not me who chose Japan, but Japan who chose me," Keene said. "After retiring from teaching, I will move to Japan and apply for Japanese citizenship. While immersing myself in the Japanese language, I want to devote my time to reading and writing."
His first project is to complete a biography of Masaoka Shiki (1867-1902), a haiku poet of the Meiji Era (1868-1912).
The 88-year-old Keene will step down in late April, bringing to an end a teaching career at Columbia that began in 1955.
After concluding his teaching duties, Keene plans to move permanently to Tokyo and fulfill his dream of writing full time.
Keene was very concerned following the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11. He had made many visits to Chusonji temple in Hiraizumi, Iwate Prefecture, and Matsushima in Miyagi Prefecture, two of the hardest-hit prefectures in the Tohoku region.
"I have had special feelings toward the Tohoku region since I first traveled along the 'Oku no hosomichi' 56 years ago," Keene said. "I lectured for about six months at Tohoku University, and I am acquainted with the priests at Chusonji temple. I am very worried."
Keene referred to the classic work of literature written by the haiku master Matsuo Basho (1644-1694), which he translated into English under the title, "The Narrow Road to Oku."
While there is high scientific interest now in the United States on how to prevent earthquakes and tsunami, Keene is skeptical about the Western-style conviction in science that believes humans can control natural disasters.
"I am a person who has been heavily influenced by Japanese culture," Keene said. "I am moved by the sense of resignation that feels the power held by nature cannot be resisted."
In his final term at Columbia, Keene has been lecturing on such Noh songs as "Funabenkei" and "Yuya."
His initial encounter with Japanese literature was purely by accident.
Having skipped grades in school, Keene entered Columbia University when he was 16. One day, he happened to sit next to a Chinese-American student and started learning kanji from him. Keene was deeply struck by the beauty of kanji.
He was also fascinated by the English translation of "The Tale of Genji" that he read when he was 18, and he volunteered to enter the U.S. Navy's Japanese language school.
He was surprised to hear about Japanese soldiers fighting to the death at Attu in the Aleutian chain. During the Battle of Okinawa, he searched for Japanese hiding in caves.
His days in Qingdao, China, were spent interrogating Japanese prisoners of war.
"I saw the dark side of humans," Keene said. "There were Japanese POWs who betrayed their fellow soldiers, and there were U.S. soldiers who duped Japanese POWs into giving up their artwork possessions."
Becoming fed up with the interrogations, Keene asked for a discharge. He returned to New York, but he could not find an occupation that interested him.
"I resumed my study of Japanese literature because I felt the Japanese language best suited my constitution," he said.
Over the course of 70 years of research, he has written more than 40 books.
When asked to name his personal top three among all the books he has published, Keene gave the Japanese titles for works that he also wrote in English, a multivolume "History of Japanese Literature" as well as books titled in English as "Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion" and "So Lovely A Country Will Never Perish."
"Looking back, what I feel about my life is that it is not me who chose Japan, but Japan who chose me," Keene said. "After retiring from teaching, I will move to Japan and apply for Japanese citizenship. While immersing myself in the Japanese language, I want to devote my time to reading and writing."
His first project is to complete a biography of Masaoka Shiki (1867-1902), a haiku poet of the Meiji Era (1868-1912).
日本文學散步
Some Japanese Portraits (Kodansha Amer Inc, March 1, 1979)
KyotoAshikaga Yoshimasa (Jp. 足利 義政) (January 20,
1435–January 27, 1490) was the 8th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned
from 1449 to 1473 during the Muromachi period of Japan. Yoshimasa was the
1435–January 27, 1490) was the 8th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned
from 1449 to 1473 during the Muromachi period of Japan. Yoshimasa was the
Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan (Columbia Univ Pr, November 1, 2003)
世界windows之旅（ 65）
Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan (Columbia Univ Pr, November 1, 2003) by D. Keene
KyotoAshikaga Yoshimasa (Jp. 足利 義政 ) (January 20, 1435–January 27, 1490) w
路過的客人、旅人。史記˙卷七十七˙魏公子傳：
然嬴欲就公子之名，故久立公子車騎市中，過客以觀公子，公子愈恭。
短暫停留的旅人，含有短促漂泊、渺小的意味。唐˙李白˙春夜宴從弟桃園序：夫天地者，萬物之逆旅。光陰者，百代之過客 。---
ドナルド・キーン
『百代の過客』上・下
1984 朝日選書
金関寿夫訳
Donald Keene
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Keene has published about 25 books in English on Japanese topics, including both studies of Japanese literature and culture and translations of Japanese classical and modern literature, including a four-volume history of Japanese literature. Keene has also published about 30 books in Japanese (some translated from English).
Keene is the president of the Donald Keene Foundation for Japanese Culture.
Contents[hide] |
Education
Keene received a Bachelor's degree from Columbia in 1942. He studied Japanese language at the U.S. Navy Japanese Language School in Boulder, Colorado and in California, and served as an intelligence officer in the Pacific region during World War II. Upon his discharge from the Navy, he returned to Columbia where he earned a master's degree in 1947.He studied for a year at Harvard University before transferring to Cambridge where he earned a second masters, after which he stayed at Cambridge as a Lecturer from 1949-1955. In the interim, he also studied at Kyoto University, and earned a Ph.D. from Columbia in 1951. Keene credits Tsunoda Ryūsaku as a mentor during this period.
Keene taught at least two courses [Elementary Conversational Japanese, and Japanese Literature in (English) Translation] at the University of California (Berkeley), c. 1954/55[citation needed]
Publications
Translations
- Chikamatsu Monzaemon, The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance (Taylor's Foreign Pr, 1951)
- Dazai Osamu, No Longer Human (New Directions, 1958)
- Chikamatsu Monzaemon, The Major Plays of Chikamatsu (Columbia Univ Pr, June 1, 1961)
- Yoshida Kenkō, Essays in Idleness: The Tsurezuregusa of Kenko (Columbia Univ Pr, June 1, 1967)
- Mishima Yukio, Five Modern No Plays - Including: Madame de Sade (Tuttle, 1967)
- Chushingura: The Treasury of Loyal Retainers, a Puppet Play (Columbia Univ Pr, April 1, 1971)
- Mishima Yukio, After the Banquet (Random House Inc, January 1, 1973)
- Dazai Osamu, The Setting Sun (Tuttle, 1981)
- Abe Kobo, Three Plays (Columbia Univ Pr, February 1, 1997)
- Matsuo Bashō, The Narrow Road to Oku (Kodansha Amer Inc, April 1, 1997)
- Kawabata Yasunari, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (Kodansha Amer Inc, September 1, 1998)
- Yamamoto Yuzo, One Hundred Sacks of Rice: A Stage Play (Nagaoka City Kome Hyappyo Foundation, 1998)
- Donald Keene & Oda Makoto, The Breaking Jewel, Keene, Donald (trans) (Columbia Univ Pr, March 1, 2003)
Editor
- Anthology of Japanese Literature from the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Grove Pr, March 1, 1960)
- Anthology of Chinese Literature: From the 14th Century to the Present Day (co-editor with Cyril Birch) (Grove Pr, June 1, 1987)
- Love Songs from the Man'Yoshu (Kodansha Amer Inc, August 1, 2000)
Works in English
- The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance (Taylor's Foreign Pr, 1951)
- The Japanese Discovery of Europe: Honda Toshiaki and other discoverers 1720-1952 (Routledge and K. Paul, 1952)
- Japanese Literature an Introduction for Western Readers (Grove Pr, June 1, 1955)
- Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology (Grove Pr, June 1, 1956)
- Major Plays of Chikamatsu (Columbia Univ Pr, January 1, 1961)
- Four Major Plays of Chikamatsu (Columbia Univ Pr, June 1, 1961)
- Japanese Discovery of Europe, 1720-1830 (Stanford Univ Pr, June 1, 1969)
- Twenty Plays of the No Theatre (Columbia Univ Pr, June 1, 1970)
- World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600-1867 (Henry Holt & Co, October 1, 1976) -(Second book in his "A History of Japanese Literature" series)
- Some Japanese Portraits (Kodansha Amer Inc, March 1, 1979)
- Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature in the Modern Era (Henry Holt & Co, September 1, 1987)
- Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature in the Modern Era; Poetry, Drama, Criticism (Holt Rinehart & Winston, April 1, 1984) -(Fourth book in his "A History of Japanese Literature" series)
- Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era; Fiction (Holt Rinehart & Winston, April 1, 1984) -(Third book in his "A History of Japanese Literature" series)
- The Pleasures of Japanese Literature (Columbia Univ Pr, October 1, 1988; ISBN 0-231-06736-4)
- Donald Keene with Herbert E. Plutschow, Introducing Kyoto (Kodansha Amer Inc, April 1, 1989)
- Travelers of a Hundred Ages: The Japanese As Revealed Through 1,000 Years of Diaries (Diane Pub Co, June 1, 1989)
- Modern Japanese Novels and the West (Umi Research Pr, July 1, 1989)
- No and Bunraku: Two Forms of Japanese Theatre (Columbia Univ Pr, December 1, 1990)
- Appreciations of Japanese Culture (Kodansha Amer Inc, April 1, 1991)
- Donald Keene with Ooka Makoto, The Colors of Poetry: Essays in Classic Japanese Verse (Katydid Books, May 1, 1991)
- Travelers of a Hundred Ages (Henry Holt & Co, August 1, 1992)
- Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century (Henry Holt & Co, June 1, 1993) -(First book in his "A History of Japanese Literature" series)
- On Familiar Terms: A Journey Across Cultures (Kodansha Amer Inc, January 1, 1994)
- Modern Japanese Diaries: The Japanese at Home and Abroad As Revealed Through Their Diaries (Henry Holt & Co, March 1, 1995)
- The Blue-Eyed Tarokaja: A Donald Keene Anthology (Columbia Univ Pr, June 1, 1996
- On Familiar Terms: To Japan and Back, a Lifetime Across Cultures (Kodansha Amer Inc, April 1, 1996)
- Donald Keene with Anne Nishimura & Frederic A. Sharf, Japan at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Woodblock Prints from the Meija Era, 1868-1912 (Museum of Fine Arts Boston, May 1, 2001)
- Sources of Japanese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600 compiled by Donalde Keen, Wm. Theodore De Bary, George Tanabe and Paul Varley (Columbia Univ Pr, May 1, 2001)
- Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912 (Columbia Univ Pr, April 1, 2002)
- Donald Keene with Lee Bruschke-Johnson & Ann Yonemura, Masterful Illusions: Japanese Prints from the Anne Van Biema Collection (Univ of Washington Pr, September 1, 2002)
- Five Modern Japanese Novelists (Columbia Univ Pr, December 1, 2002)
- Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan (Columbia Univ Pr, November 1, 2003)
- Frog In The Well: Portraits of Japan by Watanabe Kazan 1793-1841 (Asia Perspectives),(Columbia Univ. Press, 2006)
- Chronicles of My Life: An American in the Heart of Japan. (Columbia Univ. Press, 2008)
- So Lovely A Country Will Never Perish: Wartime Diaries of Japanese Writers (Columbia Univ. Press, 2010)
Honorary degrees
Keene has been awarded nine honorary doctorates, from:- Kyoto Sangyo University (Kyoto, 2002)
- Keiwa Gakuen College (Niigata, 2000)
- Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (Tokyo, 1999)
- Waseda University (Tokyo, 1998)
- Tohoku University (Sendai, 1997)
- Columbia University (New York, 1997)
- Middlebury College (Vermont, 1995)
- St. Andrews Presbyterian College (North Carolina, 1990)
- University of Cambridge (1978)
Awards and commendations
- Kikuchi Kan Prize (Kikuchi Kan Shō Society for the Advancement of Japanese Culture), 1962.[1]
- Van Ameringen Distinguished Book Award, 1967
- Kokusai Shuppan Bunka Shō Taishō, 1969
- Kokusai Shuppan Bunka Shō, 1971
- Yamagata Banto Prize (Yamagata Bantō Shō), 1983
- The Japan Foundation Award (Kokusai Kōryū Kikin Shō), 1983
- Yomiuri Literary Prize (Yomiuri Bungaku Shō), 1985 (Keene was the first non-Japanese to receive this prize, for a book of literary criticism (Travellers of a Hundred Ages) in Japanese)
- Award for Excellence (Graduate Faculties Alumni of Columbia University), 1985
- Nihon Bungaku Taishō, 1985
- Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture at Columbia University named in Keene's honour, 1986
- Tōkyō-to Bunka Shō, 1987
- NBCC (The National Book Critics Circle) Ivan Sandrof Award for Lifetime Achievement in Publishing, 1990
- The Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize (Fukuoka Ajia Bunka Shō), 1991
- Nihon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK) Hōsō Bunka Shō, 1993
- Inoue Yasushi Bunka Shō (Inoue Yasushi Kinen Bunka Zaidan), 1995
- The Distinguished Achievement Award (from The Tokyo American Club) #65288;for the lifetime achievements and unique contribution to international relations）, 1995
- Award of Honor (from The Japan Society of Northern California), 1996
- Asahi Award, 1997
- Mainichi Shuppan Bunka Shō (The Mainichi Newspapers), 2002
- The PEN/Ralph Manheim Medal for Translation, 2003
National Honors and Decorations
Order of the Rising Sun (3rd Class) rosette
- The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, 1975.
- The Order of the Rising Sun, Second Class (Japanese Government), 1993
- Person of Cultural Merit (Bunka Kōrōsha) (Japanese Government), 2002 (Keene is the third non-Japanese person to be designated "an individual of distinguished cultural service" by the Japanese government)
- Order of Culture (Bunka kunshō), 2008.[2]
Notes
- ^ "Professor Gets Prize; Keene of Columbia Cited for Work in Japanese Letters," New York Times. March 5, 1962.
- ^ "Donald Keene, 7 others win Order of Culture," Yomiuri Shimbun. October 29, 2008.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
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唐納德·基恩(Donald Keene 1922-2019 ドナルド・キーンさん)死去 ９６歳；入籍日本，adult adoption
Donald Keene, a scholar of Japanese literature who became the first foreigner to receive the country's highest cultural award, died of heart failure at a Tokyo hospital on Sunday.
FILE PHOTO: Donald Keene shows off a placard with his name written in Japanese at Tokyo's Kita ward office after becoming a Japanese citizen in Tokyo, Japan, in this photo taken by Kyodo March 8, 2012. Mandatory credit Kyodo/via REUTERS
TOKYO (Reuters) - Donald Keene, a scholar of Japanese literature who became the first foreigner to receive the country’s highest cultural award, died of heart failure at a Tokyo hospital on Sunday.
Keene, 96, was known for introducing Japan’s culture in the United States and around the world through his scholarship and translations of classical and modern Japanese literature.
“It was all of sudden. I was shocked,” Akira Someya, the director and secretary-general of the Donald Keene Centre in the northern city of Kashiwazaki, told Reuters.
Keene, who befriended giants of Japanese literature such as Yukio Mishima and Yasunari Kawabata, was awarded the Order of Culture in March 2008, the first non-Japanese to receive it, and became a Japanese citizen in 2012.
He graduated from university in 1942 and studied Japanese under the auspices of the U.S. Navy before working in military intelligence during World War Two, interrogating prisoners and translating documents.
Keene went on to a career as a scholar of Japanese literature and was credited with a key role in winning recognition for “The Tale of Genji”, an 11th-century masterpiece often called the world’s first novel, as world-class literature.
After more than half a century teaching at Columbia University, Keene moved to Tokyo full-time and took Japanese citizenship following the devastating earthquake and nuclear disaster in northeast Japan in 2011.
Reporting by Tetsushi Kajimoto; Editing by Clarence Fernandez
Our Standards:The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
Prominent U.S.-born Japanese literature scholar Donald Keene, who introduced a number of talented Japanese writers to the world, died of cardiac arrest at a Tokyo hospital on Sunday. He was 96.
He obtained Japanese citizenship in 2012 after seeing the struggle of people hit by the 2011 quake-tsunami disaster that devastated the coastal Tohoku region on March 11, 2011.
Keene was a close friend of a number of Japanese novelists and scholars, including late novelist Yukio Mishima, Nobel Prize winner Yasunari Kawabata and writer Junichiro Tanizaki.
Born in New York in 1922, he became fascinated with Japanese literature after he read an English translated version of the Tale of Genji, at Columbia University when he was 18.
The Tale of Genji, written by Murasaki Shikibu in the early 11th century, is a love story of a son of an emperor and is generally considered the world’s first novel.
Keene’s interest in contemporary Japan grew while as he served as the Japanese-language interpreter for the U.S. Navy during World War II, interrogating a number of Japanese prisoners and translating diaries left by Japanese soldiers.
In 1953, he entered a graduate school of Kyoto University to study Japanese literature. He also taught at Columbia University in New York, frequently visiting Japan and translated a number of contemporary works of Japanese novelists into English, becoming close friends of them.
“I have been happiest when I thought I had discovered some work not fully appreciated by the Japanese themselves, and as an enthusiast, I have not tried to keep my discovery to myself but to ‘publish’ it,” Keene wrote in his autobiography titled “On Familiar Terms,” published in 1994.
“I am glad that I had the chance to contribute to a basic understanding in the West of Japanese literature, and of Japanese culture in general,” he wrote.
Keene was a professor emeritus of Japanese literature at Columbia University.
“Professor Keene played the leading role in the establishment of Japanese literary studies in the United States and beyond,” the university said in a statement posted at its Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture.
“Through his scholarship, translations, and edited anthologies, and through the work of students he trained and inspired, he did more than any other individual to further the study and appreciation of Japanese literature and culture around the world in the postwar era,” the university said.
Famed Japanese literature scholar Donald Keene dies at 96
The Japan Times·5 hours ago
Donald Keene, renowned scholar of Japanese literature, dies aged 96
The Guardian·53 mins ago
Noted scholar Donald Keene dies
NHK WORLD·5 hours ago
日本の古典から現代文学まで通じ、世界に日本文学を広めた日本文学研究者のドナルド・キーンさんが亡くなりました。東日本大震災の後、日本への永住を決めて日本国籍を取得したキーンさんは生前、日本の文化と人生、戦争と日本との出会いなどを朝日新聞に語っています。
ドナルド・キーンさん死去
-
ドナルド・キーン
Donald Keene／1922年、ＮＹ生まれ
1940年 源氏物語に触れ、日本語を学ぶ 1945年 沖縄戦で捕虜の住民を尋問 1953年 京都大学大学院に留学 1992年 コロンビア大名誉教授 2012年 日本国籍を取得 主な受賞 菊池寛賞、読売文学賞、朝日賞、毎日出版文化賞、文化勲章
朝日新聞社
- 日本文学研究者のドナルド・キーンさん死去 ９６歳(2019/2/24)
-
日本の古典から現代文学まで通じ、世界に日本文学を広めた米コロンビア大学名誉教授で文化勲章受章者のドナルド・キーンさんが２４日、心不全のため、東京都内の病院で死去した。９６歳だった。喪主は養子のキーン……[続きを読む]
ドナルド・キーン
| 1940年 | 源氏物語に触れ、日本語を学ぶ |
| 1945年 | 沖縄戦で捕虜の住民を尋問 |
| 1953年 | 京都大学大学院に留学 |
| 1992年 | コロンビア大名誉教授 |
| 2012年 | 日本国籍を取得 |
| 主な受賞 | 菊池寛賞、読売文学賞、朝日賞、毎日出版文化賞、文化勲章 |
朝日新聞社
- 日本文学研究者のドナルド・キーンさん死去 ９６歳(2019/2/24)
- 日本の古典から現代文学まで通じ、世界に日本文学を広めた米コロンビア大学名誉教授で文化勲章受章者のドナルド・キーンさんが２４日、心不全のため、東京都内の病院で死去した。９６歳だった。喪主は養子のキーン……[続きを読む]
■語る 日本の文化と人生
- 【アーカイブ】日本人とともに生きたい 古今の日記読み、心を知った ドナルド・キーンさんに聞く
(2012/10/22)
-
【２０１２年１０月２２日朝刊文化面】 日本文学者のドナルド・キーンさんが日本永住を決めて東京に戻ってから１年が過ぎた。３月に日本国籍を取得。取材や講演などに引っ張りだこで、９０歳とは思えない慌ただしい日々を過ごしてきた。少し落ち着いてきたと…[続きを読む]
- 【アーカイブ】日本人とともに生きたい 古今の日記読み、心を知った ドナルド・キーンさんに聞く (2012/10/22)
- 【２０１２年１０月２２日朝刊文化面】 日本文学者のドナルド・キーンさんが日本永住を決めて東京に戻ってから１年が過ぎた。３月に日本国籍を取得。取材や講演などに引っ張りだこで、９０歳とは思えない慌ただしい日々を過ごしてきた。少し落ち着いてきたと…[続きを読む]
■戦争と、日本との出会い
- 【アーカイブ】６７年前、私は沖縄の戦場にいた 日本国籍取得のドナルド・キーンさん(2018/10/25)
-
【２０１２年６月２０日朝刊社会面】 東日本大震災からの復興を励まし、寄り添うかのように今年３月、日本国籍をとった日本文学研究者のドナルド・キーンさん（９０）。初めて日本の地を踏んだのは６７年前、沖縄に……[続きを読む]
この年になって時代を脱却したね 金子兜太×ドナルド・キーン(2015/1/3) 俳人の金子兜太さん（９５）と、日本文学研究者のドナルド・キーンさん（９２）。ともに太平洋戦争を経験し、戦後は日本の文学に刺激を与えてきた。今年は戦後７０年。漱石をはじめとする文学について、そして戦争について、語り合った。 ■近代化に疑問、ややこしい男 キーン…
【アーカイブ】日本文学研究者、ドナルド・キーンさん 新しい肖像見つける喜び(2012/4/7)【２０１２年４月７日朝刊週末ｂｅ】 Ｄｏｎａｌｄ Ｋｅｅｎｅ（８９歳） 自分を日本の文化に同化させたい。そんな原初的な願望が芽生えたのは、飛び級で入学したニューヨークのコロンビア大で日本語を学び始めた１７歳のとき。「あのときから、日本のことを考えない日は一日も…
- 【アーカイブ】６７年前、私は沖縄の戦場にいた 日本国籍取得のドナルド・キーンさん(2018/10/25)
- 【２０１２年６月２０日朝刊社会面】 東日本大震災からの復興を励まし、寄り添うかのように今年３月、日本国籍をとった日本文学研究者のドナルド・キーンさん（９０）。初めて日本の地を踏んだのは６７年前、沖縄に……[続きを読む]
- この年になって時代を脱却したね 金子兜太×ドナルド・キーン(2015/1/3) 俳人の金子兜太さん（９５）と、日本文学研究者のドナルド・キーンさん（９２）。ともに太平洋戦争を経験し、戦後は日本の文学に刺激を与えてきた。今年は戦後７０年。漱石をはじめとする文学について、そして戦争について、語り合った。 ■近代化に疑問、ややこしい男 キーン…
- 【アーカイブ】日本文学研究者、ドナルド・キーンさん 新しい肖像見つける喜び(2012/4/7)【２０１２年４月７日朝刊週末ｂｅ】 Ｄｏｎａｌｄ Ｋｅｅｎｅ（８９歳） 自分を日本の文化に同化させたい。そんな原初的な願望が芽生えたのは、飛び級で入学したニューヨークのコロンビア大で日本語を学び始めた１７歳のとき。「あのときから、日本のことを考えない日は一日も…
■日本国籍を取得
-
- （フロントランナー）ドナルド・キーンさん 「魂を日本のため使う。」
-
【２０１２年４月７日朝刊週末ｂｅ】――日本国籍取得が話題を呼びました。 きっかけは、昨年初めに体調を崩し、入院したことでした。これからの人生をゆっくり考える時間ができ、もう自分にはあまり時間が残されて…[続きを読む]
- （フロントランナー）ドナルド・キーンさん 「魂を日本のため使う。」
- 【２０１２年４月７日朝刊週末ｂｅ】――日本国籍取得が話題を呼びました。 きっかけは、昨年初めに体調を崩し、入院したことでした。これからの人生をゆっくり考える時間ができ、もう自分にはあまり時間が残されて…[続きを読む]
- （フロントランナー）ドナルド・キーンさん 「魂を日本のため使う。」
■ドナルド・キーンさんの本
Lifelong Scholar of the Japanese Becomes One of Them
January 04, 2013
TOKYO
WITH his small frame hunched by 90 years of life, and a self-deprecating manner that can make him seem emotionally sensitive to the point of fragility, Donald Keene would have appeared an unlikely figure to become a source of inspiration for a wounded nation.
Yet that is exactly how the New York native and retired professor of literature from Columbia University is now seen here in his adopted homeland of Japan. Last year, as many foreign residents and even Japanese left the country for fear of radiation from the Fukushima nuclear accident that followed a deadly earthquake and tsunami, Dr. Keene purposefully went the opposite direction. He announced that he would apply for Japanese citizenship to show his support.
The gesture won Dr. Keene, already a prominent figure in Japanese literary and intellectual circles, a status approaching that of folk hero, making him the subject of endless celebratory newspaper articles, television documentaries and even displays in museums.
It has been a surprising culmination of an already notable career that saw this quiet man with a bashful smile rise from a junior naval officer who interrogated Japanese prisoners during World War II to a founder of Japanese studies in the United States. That career has made him a rare foreigner, awarded by the emperor one of Japan’s highest honors for his contributions to Japanese literature and befriended by Japan’s most celebrated novelists.
Dr. Keene has spent a lifetime shuttling between Japan and the United States. Taking Japanese citizenship seems a gesture that has finally bestowed upon him the one thing that eludes many Westerners who make their home and even lifelong friendships here: acceptance.
“When I first did it, I thought I’d get a flood of angry letters that ‘you are not of the Yamato race!’ but instead, they welcomed me,” said Dr. Keene, using an old name for Japan. “I think the Japanese can detect, without too much trouble, my love of Japan.”
That affection seemed especially welcome to a nation that even before last year’s triple disaster had seemed to lose confidence as it fell into a long social and economic malaise.
During an interview at a hotel coffee shop, Japanese passers-by did double takes of smiling recognition — testimony to how the elderly scholar has won far more fame in Japan than in the United States. A product of an older world before the Internet or television, Dr. Keene is known as a gracious conversationalist who charms listeners with stories from a lifetime devoted to Japan, which he first visited during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945.
BUT what is perhaps most remarkable about Dr. Keene is that Japan, a racially homogeneous nation that can be politely standoffish to non-Japanese, has embraced him with such warmth. When he legally became a Japanese citizen this year, major newspapers ran photographs of him holding up a handwritten poster of his name, Kinu Donarudo, in Chinese characters. To commemorate the event, a candy company in rural Niigata announced plans to build a museum that will include an exact replica of Dr. Keene’s personal library and study from his home in New York.
He says he has been inundated by invitations to give public lectures, which are so popular that drawings are often held to see who can attend.
“I have not met a Japanese since then who has not thanked me. Except the Ministry of Justice,” he added with his typically understated humor, referring to the government office in charge of immigration.
Still, in a nation that welcomes few immigrants, Dr. Keene’s application was quickly approved. To become Japanese, Dr. Keene, who is unmarried, had to relinquish his American citizenship.
His affection for Japan began in 1940 with a chance encounter at a bookstore near Times Square, where Dr. Keene, then an 18-year-old university student at Columbia, found a translation of the Tale of Genji, a 1,000-year-old novel from Japan. In the stories of court romances and intrigue, he found a refuge from the horrors of the world war then already unfolding in Europe and Asia.
Dr. Keene later described it as his first encounter with Japan’s delicate sense of beauty, and its acceptance that life is fleeting and sad — a sentiment that would captivate him for the rest of his life.
When the United States entered the war, he enlisted in the Navy, where he received Japanese-language training to become an interpreter and intelligence officer. He said he managed to build a rapport with the Japanese he interrogated, including one he said wrote him a letter after the war in which he referred to himself as Dr. Keene’s first P.O.W.
LIKE several of his classmates, Dr. Keene used his language skills after the war to become a pioneer of academic studies of Japan in the United States. Among Americans, he is perhaps best known for translating and compiling a two-volume anthology in the early 1950s that has been used to introduce generations of university students to Japanese literature. When he started his career, he said Japanese literature was virtually unknown to Americans.
“I think I brought Japanese literature into the Western world in a special way, by making it part of the literary canon at universities,” said Dr. Keene, who has written about 25 books on Japanese literature and history.
In Japan, he said his career benefited from good timing as the nation entered a golden age of fiction writing after the war. He befriended some of Japan’s best known modern fiction writers, including Yukio Mishima and Kenzaburo Oe. Even Junichiro Tanizaki, an elderly novelist known for his cranky dislike of visitors, was fond of Dr. Keene, inviting him to his home. Dr. Keene says that was because he took Japanese culture seriously.
“I was a freak who spoke Japanese and could talk about literature,” he joked.
Japanese writers say that Dr. Keene’s appeal was more than that. They said he appeared at a time when Japan was starting to rediscover the value of its traditions after devastating defeat. Dr. Keene taught them that Japanese literature had a universal appeal, they said.
“He gave us Japanese confidence in the significance of our literature,” said Takashi Tsujii, a novelist.
Mr. Tsujii said that Dr. Keene was accepted by Japanese scholars because he has what Mr. Tsujii described as a warm, intuitive style of thinking that differs from what he called the coldly analytical approach of many Western academics.
“Keene-san is already a Japanese in his feelings,” Mr. Tsujii said.
Now, at the end of his career, Dr. Keene is again helping Japanese regain their confidence, this time by becoming one of them. Dr. Keene, who retired only last year from Columbia, says he plans to spend his final years in Japan as a gesture of gratitude toward the nation that finally made him one of its own.
“You cannot stop being an American after 89 years,” Dr. Keene said, referring to the age at which he got Japanese citizenship. “But I have become a Japanese in many ways. Not pretentiously, but naturally.”
WITH his small frame hunched by 90 years of life, and a self-deprecating manner that can make him seem emotionally sensitive to the point of fragility, Donald Keene would have appeared an unlikely figure to become a source of inspiration for a wounded nation.
按图放大 
Ko Sasaki for The New York Times
This year, when Donald Keene, 90, a New York native and retired professor, became a citizen of Japan, he gained what eludes many Westerners who live there: acceptance.
The gesture won Dr. Keene, already a prominent figure in Japanese literary and intellectual circles, a status approaching that of folk hero, making him the subject of endless celebratory newspaper articles, television documentaries and even displays in museums.
It has been a surprising culmination of an already notable career that saw this quiet man with a bashful smile rise from a junior naval officer who interrogated Japanese prisoners during World War II to a founder of Japanese studies in the United States. That career has made him a rare foreigner, awarded by the emperor one of Japan’s highest honors for his contributions to Japanese literature and befriended by Japan’s most celebrated novelists.
Dr. Keene has spent a lifetime shuttling between Japan and the United States. Taking Japanese citizenship seems a gesture that has finally bestowed upon him the one thing that eludes many Westerners who make their home and even lifelong friendships here: acceptance.
“When I first did it, I thought I’d get a flood of angry letters that ‘you are not of the Yamato race!’ but instead, they welcomed me,” said Dr. Keene, using an old name for Japan. “I think the Japanese can detect, without too much trouble, my love of Japan.”
That affection seemed especially welcome to a nation that even before last year’s triple disaster had seemed to lose confidence as it fell into a long social and economic malaise.
During an interview at a hotel coffee shop, Japanese passers-by did double takes of smiling recognition — testimony to how the elderly scholar has won far more fame in Japan than in the United States. A product of an older world before the Internet or television, Dr. Keene is known as a gracious conversationalist who charms listeners with stories from a lifetime devoted to Japan, which he first visited during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945.
BUT what is perhaps most remarkable about Dr. Keene is that Japan, a racially homogeneous nation that can be politely standoffish to non-Japanese, has embraced him with such warmth. When he legally became a Japanese citizen this year, major newspapers ran photographs of him holding up a handwritten poster of his name, Kinu Donarudo, in Chinese characters. To commemorate the event, a candy company in rural Niigata announced plans to build a museum that will include an exact replica of Dr. Keene’s personal library and study from his home in New York.
He says he has been inundated by invitations to give public lectures, which are so popular that drawings are often held to see who can attend.
“I have not met a Japanese since then who has not thanked me. Except the Ministry of Justice,” he added with his typically understated humor, referring to the government office in charge of immigration.
Still, in a nation that welcomes few immigrants, Dr. Keene’s application was quickly approved. To become Japanese, Dr. Keene, who is unmarried, had to relinquish his American citizenship.
His affection for Japan began in 1940 with a chance encounter at a bookstore near Times Square, where Dr. Keene, then an 18-year-old university student at Columbia, found a translation of the Tale of Genji, a 1,000-year-old novel from Japan. In the stories of court romances and intrigue, he found a refuge from the horrors of the world war then already unfolding in Europe and Asia.
Dr. Keene later described it as his first encounter with Japan’s delicate sense of beauty, and its acceptance that life is fleeting and sad — a sentiment that would captivate him for the rest of his life.
When the United States entered the war, he enlisted in the Navy, where he received Japanese-language training to become an interpreter and intelligence officer. He said he managed to build a rapport with the Japanese he interrogated, including one he said wrote him a letter after the war in which he referred to himself as Dr. Keene’s first P.O.W.
LIKE several of his classmates, Dr. Keene used his language skills after the war to become a pioneer of academic studies of Japan in the United States. Among Americans, he is perhaps best known for translating and compiling a two-volume anthology in the early 1950s that has been used to introduce generations of university students to Japanese literature. When he started his career, he said Japanese literature was virtually unknown to Americans.
“I think I brought Japanese literature into the Western world in a special way, by making it part of the literary canon at universities,” said Dr. Keene, who has written about 25 books on Japanese literature and history.
In Japan, he said his career benefited from good timing as the nation entered a golden age of fiction writing after the war. He befriended some of Japan’s best known modern fiction writers, including Yukio Mishima and Kenzaburo Oe. Even Junichiro Tanizaki, an elderly novelist known for his cranky dislike of visitors, was fond of Dr. Keene, inviting him to his home. Dr. Keene says that was because he took Japanese culture seriously.
“I was a freak who spoke Japanese and could talk about literature,” he joked.
Japanese writers say that Dr. Keene’s appeal was more than that. They said he appeared at a time when Japan was starting to rediscover the value of its traditions after devastating defeat. Dr. Keene taught them that Japanese literature had a universal appeal, they said.
“He gave us Japanese confidence in the significance of our literature,” said Takashi Tsujii, a novelist.
Mr. Tsujii said that Dr. Keene was accepted by Japanese scholars because he has what Mr. Tsujii described as a warm, intuitive style of thinking that differs from what he called the coldly analytical approach of many Western academics.
“Keene-san is already a Japanese in his feelings,” Mr. Tsujii said.
Now, at the end of his career, Dr. Keene is again helping Japanese regain their confidence, this time by becoming one of them. Dr. Keene, who retired only last year from Columbia, says he plans to spend his final years in Japan as a gesture of gratitude toward the nation that finally made him one of its own.
“You cannot stop being an American after 89 years,” Dr. Keene said, referring to the age at which he got Japanese citizenship. “But I have become a Japanese in many ways. Not pretentiously, but naturally.”
美國教授90歲高齡入籍日本
報道 2013年01月04日
90歲高齡的唐納德·基恩(Donald Keene)瘦小的身軀前弓，自嘲的態度讓他看似情感敏感，甚至是脆弱。這些都讓他看起來不像是會讓一個傷痕纍纍的民族受到鼓舞的人物。
基恩博士本已是日本文學和知識分子圈中的知名人物，這一姿態使他幾乎上升到民間英雄的高度。以他為主題的讚揚性報章報道、電視紀錄片，乃至博物館展覽層出不窮。
這是基恩博士生命中意外的頂點。這名帶着羞澀笑容的安靜男士從二戰期間審問日本戰俘的海軍下級軍官，成長為美國的日本研究奠基人，生涯已然不凡。這 樣的經歷使他成為極其罕見的外國人，因為對日本文學的貢獻而被天皇授予日本的最高榮譽之一，還與日本最著名的一些小說家過從甚密。
基恩博士一輩子在日本和美國之間奔波。得到日本國籍似乎表明，他終於被賜予了許多以此為家、甚至在此終身交友的西方人未能得到的一樣東西：接納。
基恩博士說，“剛開始申請的時候，我覺得自己會收到一大堆憤怒的郵件說，‘你不是大和民族的一員！’但是，他們接納了我。”他用“大和”這一古老的名字來稱呼日本。“我想，無需太多功夫，日本人就能察覺我對日本的熱愛。”
由於深陷長期的社會和經濟不振，即便是在去年的三重災害之前，日本就似乎喪失了信心。因此，基恩博士對日本的好感似乎格外受到歡迎。
在酒店咖啡廳進行訪談時，路過的日本人先是一愣，繼而對他報以微笑，證明這名年長學者在日本獲得的名聲遠遠超過了美國。基恩博士屬於互聯網和電視之 前那個時代的老派人物，他因為優雅健談而聞名，能用一生熱愛日本的故事讓聽眾着迷。他第一次來到日本，是1945年的沖繩島戰役。
但是，基恩博士最非凡的一點大概是他被日本人熱情地接納。日本是單一民族國家，對外國人禮貌卻冷淡。當他今年正式成為日本公民的時候，主要報紙都刊 登了他舉着一張手寫紙板的照片，上面寫着他的日文漢字名字“鬼怒鳴門”(Kinu Donarudo)。為了紀念這一事件，新潟農村地區的一家糖果公司宣布計劃興建一座博物館，其中包括原樣複製基恩博士在紐約家中的私人圖書館和書房。
他說，公眾演講的邀請讓他應接不暇。由於太受歡迎，往往需要通過抽籤來決定誰能聆聽他的演講。
“自那以後，我沒遇到一個不感謝我的日本人——除了法務省，”他用自己經典的輕描淡寫式的幽默感談到負責移民的政府部門。
不過，在一個極少歡迎移民的國度裏，基恩博士的申請迅速得到批准。基恩博士未婚，為了成為日本人，他必須放棄美國國籍。
基恩博士對日本的感情始於1940年一次偶然的經歷。他當時18歲，是哥倫比亞大學的學生，在時報廣場附近的一家書店裡，他找到了一本作於1000 年前的日本小說《源氏物語》(Tale of Genji)的翻譯本。他在宮廷愛情和陰謀的故事中找到避風港，暫時忘卻已在歐亞展開的世界戰爭的慘況。
後來，基恩博士將之描述為自己第一次接觸日本細膩的美感，以及它對生命短暫而哀傷的接受。這種情緒將縈繞他的餘生。
當美國捲入戰爭的時候，他加入了海軍。在那裡，他接受了日文訓練，成為一名口譯員和情報官。他說自己設法與審問的日本人建立了融洽的關係，還說其中有一人戰後給他寫信，自稱是基恩博士的第一名戰俘。
戰後，與幾名同學一樣，基恩博士運用自己的語言能力，成為美國的日本學術研究先驅。在美國人中，他最為人熟知的可能是在20世紀50年代初翻譯和編寫的一套兩卷文集。這套書被用來向一代又一代大學生介紹日本文學。他說，當他開始職業生涯時，美國人對日本文學幾乎一無所知。
“我認為，我用一種特殊的方式將日本文學引入西方世界，使它成為大學文學典籍的一部分，”基恩博士說。他已撰寫了25本關於日本文學和歷史的書籍。
在日本，他說自己的職業生涯得益於良好的時機：戰後日本進入了小說寫作的黃金期。他與日本一些最知名的當代小說家成為好友，包括三島由紀夫 (Yukio Mishima)和大江健三郎(Kenzaburo Oe)。甚至對訪客出了名地暴躁難耐的年長小說家谷崎潤一郎(Junichiro Tanizaki)也喜歡基恩博士，邀請他去家裡做客。基恩博士說，那是因為他認真對待日本文化。
“我是個說日語、談文學的怪物，”他開玩笑說。
日本作家稱，基恩博士打動人的不止是這些。他們說，他出現的時候，正值日本在經歷毀滅性戰敗後開始重新發現自身傳統的價值。基恩博士告訴他們，日本文學能引起全球共鳴。
小說家辻井喬(Takashi Tsujii)說，“他讓我們日本對自己文學的重要性有了信心。”
辻井說，基恩博士之所以為日本學者接受，是因為他擁有辻井所形容的那種溫暖而直觀的思維方式，與他眼裡許多西方學者冰冷的分析方法截然不同。
辻井說，“基恩君在情感上已經是個日本人了。”
現在，在職業生涯的尾聲，基恩博士再次幫助日本人找回自信，這一次的方式是成為他們中間的一員。基恩博士去年才從哥倫比亞大學退休，他說計劃在日本度過餘生，將此作為一種姿態，感謝這個最終接納自己的民族。
基恩博士在提到自己獲得日本國籍的年齡時說，“做美國人做了89年，也不可能就不再做美國人了。但在很多方面，我已經成為日本人。不是做作的，而是自然而然的。”
2012.4.17
Keene's love for Japan still growing after 70 years
Donald Keene relaxes in the Kyu-Furukawa Gardens in Tokyo’s Kita Ward, near his home for 38 years. (Makoto Kaku)
Keene's love for Japan still growing after 70 years
In 1940, the Japanese literature scholar Donald Keene came across an English translation of the acclaimed 11th-century Japanese novel “Genji Monogatari" (The Tale of Genji) in a bookstore in Times Square.
War had started in Europe the previous year after Nazi Germany’s invasion of Poland, but Keene found himself transported to a different world inhabited by Japanese court nobles, apparently insulated from violence.
It was a life-changing experience. He glimpsed an entirely different face of a country he had thought of as nothing more than a dangerous military state. It triggered a search for the real identity of Japan and the Japanese that has occupied the rest of his life.
“Not a day has passed without thinking about Japan (since I began studying Japanese at Columbia University at the age of 17),” Keene, 89, said in an interview after obtaining Japanese nationality in March.
Soon after, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and Keene became an interpreter for the Navy, traveling to Attu in the Aleutian Islands and Okinawa. He met real Japanese for the first time and also read diaries and letters left by dead Japanese soldiers.
The writers’ last words revealed fear of death and longing for their loved ones back home. The hackneyed language of wartime propaganda was noticeably absent.
Much later in his life, those experiences helped him write “So Lovely a Country Will Never Perish: Wartime Diaries of Japanese Writers,” which analyzes the diaries of Jun Takami (1907-1965), Futaro Yamada (1922-2001) and other authors.
He began studying Japanese literature after World War II and came to Japan in 1953 to attend Kyoto University. He taught at Columbia University from 1955 to April 2011, spending half of the year in New York and the other half in Tokyo.
In 1962, overcome by the loss of his mother, Keene received a telephone call from Japan telling he had been awarded the Kikuchi Kan Prize for achievements in Japanese culture. It was the first of many awards for his work on Japan.
Keene has written a number of key books on Japanese literature, including the mammoth “Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century.”
The 18-volume series, which discusses works from the “Kojiki” (Record of Ancient Matters), Japan’s oldest extant chronicle, to the novels of Yukio Mishima (1925-1970), took 25 years to complete.
Over the past decade, he has followed up a biography of Emperor Meiji, “Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World,” with a series of lives seeking to shed new light on key Japanese figures.
“I find pleasure in discovering something new (in those people) that other people have not,” he said.
For example, the haiku poet Shiki Masaoka (1867-1902) repeatedly wrote in his essays that he was no good at English, but Keene said documents actually showed that Masaoka was fairly good at the language, getting the second-best English examination scores in his high school class.
The student who topped the class, who later became famous as the novelist Soseki Natsume (1867-1916), was “a genius,” according to Keene.
Keene made up his mind to acquire Japanese citizenship in January 2011, when he was thinking about what he wanted to do with the remainder of his life.
The Great East Japan Earthquake, which devastated northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011, subsequently gave that personal decision a broader meaning, he said.
Keene’s intellectual curiosity shows no sign of waning as he approaches 90.
His next scholarly project is a biography of Hiraga Gennai (1728-1780), a well-known inventor and a student of Western science and technology.
“People have suggested that I take a break,” he said. “But you can learn as long as you live.”
Writer Ryotaro Shiba (1923-1996), who wrote a book with Keene, once wrote: “I have never met a person whose childhood image I can imagine so easily.”
Keene’s eyes shone throughout his interview with The Asahi Shimbun. It was easy to see Shiba’s point.
Excerpts from the interview, which was conducted in Japanese, follow:
* * *
Question: What made you decide to obtain Japanese nationality?
Answer: It started when I was hospitalized early last year. I was able to take my time and think about the rest of my life, and I realized that there is little time left for me. When I wondered about the last thing I wanted to do, it was to become Japanese.
If it had not been for the Great East Japan Earthquake, my obtaining Japanese citizenship would only have made a few columns in the newspapers. But the earthquake, tsunami and ensuing nuclear accident have given my personal wish a special meaning.
I have received many letters. They said they were encouraged or impressed by my decision to leave the United States and settle in Japan at a time when many non-Japanese people fled Japan.
Q: You were not happy to hear of foreigners leaving Japan, were you?
A: No. In my heart, I was already Japanese.
I could not sleep after I watched black waves sweeping the coast. I was worried about what had become of Matsushima (the group of islands in Miyagi Prefecture) and the Chusonji temple (in Iwate Prefecture), both closely associated with the haiku poet Matsuo Basho (1644-1694).
Last year, I visited Chusonji and made a speech there. Some people in the audience had lost family members and had their homes washed away. As I spoke, I found my heart filled with empathy for the survivors. I thought I wanted to live with them. It was an awakening experience.
Q: Many Japanese have lost confidence in their country because the path to recovery remains unclear. We wonder why you have gone so far as to obtain Japanese citizenship.
A: It is because my real home is here. I write only on things related to Japan. I have not written anything on the United States. In addition to many friends, I have many pleasures outside of work in Japan.
Another important factor is that my disposition suits Japan. One example is the courtesy shown in interpersonal relationships. When you buy something, the sales clerk always says, “Thank you.”
Americans call each other by their first names or will slap each other’s backs even when they meet for the first time. I am not really comfortable with expressing closeness in such a way. I cannot explain myself well, but I was born with a Japanese aspect.
Granted, Japan has lost some of its strong self-confidence, but it has a role to play today that it did not during the height of the asset-inflated economic growth of the late 1980s, when it bought the Rockefeller Center.
Q: What role is that?
A: There are many meanings to it. Japan’s reputation in the world shot up after its defeat in World War II. I stayed in Tokyo for about 10 days in December 1945. All that remained were storehouses and chimneys. It was commonly said that it would take more than 50 years for Japan to rebuild itself. I had a different opinion. I thought this country would come back fairly quickly.
It may sound strange, but I was confident because of my experience at a barber’s. When I had my face shaved, I did not have the slightest impression that Japan had been at war.
If the woman at the barber had harbored ill feelings, she would have been able to slash my throat with her razor. I did not have to worry. I felt that the war had already become a thing of the past in Japan.
Q: Wasn’t that because Japanese are forgetful?
A: That experience showed that there are many possibilities in one people. During the war, I was with the Navy and questioned captured Japanese soldiers. I had no resentment toward them. I felt close to them. In the past, Japanese people did incredibly bad things, but it was not that the entire nation was belligerent. There were people who produced beautiful works of art.
The experience of war may have changed the Japanese, but the economic miracle that followed changed my view on Japan in every respect.
Before the war, it was generally believed that Japanese culture was nothing but an emulation of China’s. Today, no one thinks that. Japan has a wonderful, unique culture.
Japanese have earned respect again for continuing to act calmly after experiencing a disaster on the scale of the Great East Japan Earthquake. I do not have the slightest doubt about Japan getting back on its feet.
Q: You have written biographies of people who lived during times of change, such as Emperor Meiji (1852-1912) and the painter Kazan Watanabe (1793-1841). What do you see in them?
A: It is the Japanese flexibility to digest new things and make them their own immediately.
Emperor Meiji ascended to the Chrysanthemum Throne when he was about 15 years old. In less than six months, he became the first emperor to meet delegates from Western countries.
I was surprised to learn how he transformed himself. He ate Western dishes and grew a beard and a mustache, developing into an emperor with perfect composure.
I specialize in literature and I am most interested in people. I want to know much more about what Japanese people thought in turbulent times, what they feared and how they changed.
That is because I have changed, too, albeit on a different scale. Before I went to college, the only thing I really knew about Japan was that it was opened by Commodore Matthew Perry’s arrival. Now, I am using my soul for Japan. It has been a considerable change.
War had started in Europe the previous year after Nazi Germany’s invasion of Poland, but Keene found himself transported to a different world inhabited by Japanese court nobles, apparently insulated from violence.
It was a life-changing experience. He glimpsed an entirely different face of a country he had thought of as nothing more than a dangerous military state. It triggered a search for the real identity of Japan and the Japanese that has occupied the rest of his life.
“Not a day has passed without thinking about Japan (since I began studying Japanese at Columbia University at the age of 17),” Keene, 89, said in an interview after obtaining Japanese nationality in March.
Soon after, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and Keene became an interpreter for the Navy, traveling to Attu in the Aleutian Islands and Okinawa. He met real Japanese for the first time and also read diaries and letters left by dead Japanese soldiers.
The writers’ last words revealed fear of death and longing for their loved ones back home. The hackneyed language of wartime propaganda was noticeably absent.
Much later in his life, those experiences helped him write “So Lovely a Country Will Never Perish: Wartime Diaries of Japanese Writers,” which analyzes the diaries of Jun Takami (1907-1965), Futaro Yamada (1922-2001) and other authors.
He began studying Japanese literature after World War II and came to Japan in 1953 to attend Kyoto University. He taught at Columbia University from 1955 to April 2011, spending half of the year in New York and the other half in Tokyo.
In 1962, overcome by the loss of his mother, Keene received a telephone call from Japan telling he had been awarded the Kikuchi Kan Prize for achievements in Japanese culture. It was the first of many awards for his work on Japan.
Keene has written a number of key books on Japanese literature, including the mammoth “Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century.”
The 18-volume series, which discusses works from the “Kojiki” (Record of Ancient Matters), Japan’s oldest extant chronicle, to the novels of Yukio Mishima (1925-1970), took 25 years to complete.
Over the past decade, he has followed up a biography of Emperor Meiji, “Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World,” with a series of lives seeking to shed new light on key Japanese figures.
“I find pleasure in discovering something new (in those people) that other people have not,” he said.
For example, the haiku poet Shiki Masaoka (1867-1902) repeatedly wrote in his essays that he was no good at English, but Keene said documents actually showed that Masaoka was fairly good at the language, getting the second-best English examination scores in his high school class.
The student who topped the class, who later became famous as the novelist Soseki Natsume (1867-1916), was “a genius,” according to Keene.
Keene made up his mind to acquire Japanese citizenship in January 2011, when he was thinking about what he wanted to do with the remainder of his life.
The Great East Japan Earthquake, which devastated northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011, subsequently gave that personal decision a broader meaning, he said.
Keene’s intellectual curiosity shows no sign of waning as he approaches 90.
His next scholarly project is a biography of Hiraga Gennai (1728-1780), a well-known inventor and a student of Western science and technology.
“People have suggested that I take a break,” he said. “But you can learn as long as you live.”
Writer Ryotaro Shiba (1923-1996), who wrote a book with Keene, once wrote: “I have never met a person whose childhood image I can imagine so easily.”
Keene’s eyes shone throughout his interview with The Asahi Shimbun. It was easy to see Shiba’s point.
Excerpts from the interview, which was conducted in Japanese, follow:
* * *
Question: What made you decide to obtain Japanese nationality?
Answer: It started when I was hospitalized early last year. I was able to take my time and think about the rest of my life, and I realized that there is little time left for me. When I wondered about the last thing I wanted to do, it was to become Japanese.
If it had not been for the Great East Japan Earthquake, my obtaining Japanese citizenship would only have made a few columns in the newspapers. But the earthquake, tsunami and ensuing nuclear accident have given my personal wish a special meaning.
I have received many letters. They said they were encouraged or impressed by my decision to leave the United States and settle in Japan at a time when many non-Japanese people fled Japan.
Q: You were not happy to hear of foreigners leaving Japan, were you?
A: No. In my heart, I was already Japanese.
I could not sleep after I watched black waves sweeping the coast. I was worried about what had become of Matsushima (the group of islands in Miyagi Prefecture) and the Chusonji temple (in Iwate Prefecture), both closely associated with the haiku poet Matsuo Basho (1644-1694).
Last year, I visited Chusonji and made a speech there. Some people in the audience had lost family members and had their homes washed away. As I spoke, I found my heart filled with empathy for the survivors. I thought I wanted to live with them. It was an awakening experience.
Q: Many Japanese have lost confidence in their country because the path to recovery remains unclear. We wonder why you have gone so far as to obtain Japanese citizenship.
A: It is because my real home is here. I write only on things related to Japan. I have not written anything on the United States. In addition to many friends, I have many pleasures outside of work in Japan.
Another important factor is that my disposition suits Japan. One example is the courtesy shown in interpersonal relationships. When you buy something, the sales clerk always says, “Thank you.”
Americans call each other by their first names or will slap each other’s backs even when they meet for the first time. I am not really comfortable with expressing closeness in such a way. I cannot explain myself well, but I was born with a Japanese aspect.
Granted, Japan has lost some of its strong self-confidence, but it has a role to play today that it did not during the height of the asset-inflated economic growth of the late 1980s, when it bought the Rockefeller Center.
Q: What role is that?
A: There are many meanings to it. Japan’s reputation in the world shot up after its defeat in World War II. I stayed in Tokyo for about 10 days in December 1945. All that remained were storehouses and chimneys. It was commonly said that it would take more than 50 years for Japan to rebuild itself. I had a different opinion. I thought this country would come back fairly quickly.
It may sound strange, but I was confident because of my experience at a barber’s. When I had my face shaved, I did not have the slightest impression that Japan had been at war.
If the woman at the barber had harbored ill feelings, she would have been able to slash my throat with her razor. I did not have to worry. I felt that the war had already become a thing of the past in Japan.
Q: Wasn’t that because Japanese are forgetful?
A: That experience showed that there are many possibilities in one people. During the war, I was with the Navy and questioned captured Japanese soldiers. I had no resentment toward them. I felt close to them. In the past, Japanese people did incredibly bad things, but it was not that the entire nation was belligerent. There were people who produced beautiful works of art.
The experience of war may have changed the Japanese, but the economic miracle that followed changed my view on Japan in every respect.
Before the war, it was generally believed that Japanese culture was nothing but an emulation of China’s. Today, no one thinks that. Japan has a wonderful, unique culture.
Japanese have earned respect again for continuing to act calmly after experiencing a disaster on the scale of the Great East Japan Earthquake. I do not have the slightest doubt about Japan getting back on its feet.
Q: You have written biographies of people who lived during times of change, such as Emperor Meiji (1852-1912) and the painter Kazan Watanabe (1793-1841). What do you see in them?
A: It is the Japanese flexibility to digest new things and make them their own immediately.
Emperor Meiji ascended to the Chrysanthemum Throne when he was about 15 years old. In less than six months, he became the first emperor to meet delegates from Western countries.
I was surprised to learn how he transformed himself. He ate Western dishes and grew a beard and a mustache, developing into an emperor with perfect composure.
I specialize in literature and I am most interested in people. I want to know much more about what Japanese people thought in turbulent times, what they feared and how they changed.
That is because I have changed, too, albeit on a different scale. Before I went to college, the only thing I really knew about Japan was that it was opened by Commodore Matthew Perry’s arrival. Now, I am using my soul for Japan. It has been a considerable change.
By YOSHIKO SUZUKI/ Staff Writer
Famed Japanologist Keene gets museum in Kashiwazaki
KASHIWAZAKI, Niigata Prefecture--Along with permanently moving to Japan, renowned Japanese literature researcher Donald Keene has brought the living room and study of his New York home with him, donating it to a museum here as the centerpiece of an exhibit on his work.
Keene, 89, visited Kashiwazaki on Dec. 3 to attend a ceremony to donate his vast collection of books and furniture, among other items, to the museum.
The 360-square-meter museum, the brainchild of Bourbon Corp., a leading confectionery based in Kashiwazaki, is scheduled to open in autumn 2013.
It will be housed on the second floor of the company's training center.
The museum will display Keene's donation of about 1,700 books, 300 records and CDs, and 100 pieces of furniture, apart from the living room and study, his base for more than 30 years to bring his study of Japanese literary works to the world.
Keene has been living in Tokyo's Kita Ward since September. He decided to acquire Japanese nationality and live in Japan for the rest of his life after the country was hit hard by the March 11 Great East Japan Earthquake.
In the ceremony on Dec. 3, Keene said he believes the devastated Tohoku region will experience a miracle similar to the one that occurred in Tokyo, which was rebuilt into one of the world's largest cities after it was firebombed into charred rubble during World War II.
Keene, a professor emeritus at Columbia University in New York, is known for introducing Japanese literature to the world over the past six decades.
Ties between the Japanologist and Kashiwazaki go back to 2007, when Keene proposed an endeavor to revive an ancient puppet play accompanied by the samisen set in the city.
Local artists gave the puppet play performance in June 2009, for the first time in 300 years.
Bourbon said that Keene's proposal gave hope to the city's residents, who were still reeling from the devastating Niigata Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007.
2011.4
Some Japanese Portraits by Donald Keene 日本文學散步
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BY TOSHIHIRO YAMANAKA CORRESPONDENT
Donald Keene conducts a lecture last month at Columbia University. (Mari Sakamoto)
Keene, 89, visited Kashiwazaki on Dec. 3 to attend a ceremony to donate his vast collection of books and furniture, among other items, to the museum.
The 360-square-meter museum, the brainchild of Bourbon Corp., a leading confectionery based in Kashiwazaki, is scheduled to open in autumn 2013.
It will be housed on the second floor of the company's training center.
The museum will display Keene's donation of about 1,700 books, 300 records and CDs, and 100 pieces of furniture, apart from the living room and study, his base for more than 30 years to bring his study of Japanese literary works to the world.
Keene has been living in Tokyo's Kita Ward since September. He decided to acquire Japanese nationality and live in Japan for the rest of his life after the country was hit hard by the March 11 Great East Japan Earthquake.
In the ceremony on Dec. 3, Keene said he believes the devastated Tohoku region will experience a miracle similar to the one that occurred in Tokyo, which was rebuilt into one of the world's largest cities after it was firebombed into charred rubble during World War II.
Keene, a professor emeritus at Columbia University in New York, is known for introducing Japanese literature to the world over the past six decades.
Ties between the Japanologist and Kashiwazaki go back to 2007, when Keene proposed an endeavor to revive an ancient puppet play accompanied by the samisen set in the city.
Local artists gave the puppet play performance in June 2009, for the first time in 300 years.
Bourbon said that Keene's proposal gave hope to the city's residents, who were still reeling from the devastating Niigata Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007.
2011.4
Some Japanese Portraits by Donald Keene 日本文學散步
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BY TOSHIHIRO YAMANAKA CORRESPONDENT
2011/04/19
Donald Keene conducts a lecture last month at Columbia University. (Mari Sakamoto)
NEW YORK--The renowned Japanese literature expert Donald Keene, professor emeritus at Columbia University, is teaching for the last time this spring term.
The 88-year-old Keene will step down in late April, bringing to an end a teaching career at Columbia that began in 1955.
After concluding his teaching duties, Keene plans to move permanently to Tokyo and fulfill his dream of writing full time.
Keene was very concerned following the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11. He had made many visits to Chusonji temple in Hiraizumi, Iwate Prefecture, and Matsushima in Miyagi Prefecture, two of the hardest-hit prefectures in the Tohoku region.
"I have had special feelings toward the Tohoku region since I first traveled along the 'Oku no hosomichi' 56 years ago," Keene said. "I lectured for about six months at Tohoku University, and I am acquainted with the priests at Chusonji temple. I am very worried."
Keene referred to the classic work of literature written by the haiku master Matsuo Basho (1644-1694), which he translated into English under the title, "The Narrow Road to Oku."
While there is high scientific interest now in the United States on how to prevent earthquakes and tsunami, Keene is skeptical about the Western-style conviction in science that believes humans can control natural disasters.
"I am a person who has been heavily influenced by Japanese culture," Keene said. "I am moved by the sense of resignation that feels the power held by nature cannot be resisted."
In his final term at Columbia, Keene has been lecturing on such Noh songs as "Funabenkei" and "Yuya."
His initial encounter with Japanese literature was purely by accident.
Having skipped grades in school, Keene entered Columbia University when he was 16. One day, he happened to sit next to a Chinese-American student and started learning kanji from him. Keene was deeply struck by the beauty of kanji.
He was also fascinated by the English translation of "The Tale of Genji" that he read when he was 18, and he volunteered to enter the U.S. Navy's Japanese language school.
He was surprised to hear about Japanese soldiers fighting to the death at Attu in the Aleutian chain. During the Battle of Okinawa, he searched for Japanese hiding in caves.
His days in Qingdao, China, were spent interrogating Japanese prisoners of war.
"I saw the dark side of humans," Keene said. "There were Japanese POWs who betrayed their fellow soldiers, and there were U.S. soldiers who duped Japanese POWs into giving up their artwork possessions."
Becoming fed up with the interrogations, Keene asked for a discharge. He returned to New York, but he could not find an occupation that interested him.
"I resumed my study of Japanese literature because I felt the Japanese language best suited my constitution," he said.
Over the course of 70 years of research, he has written more than 40 books.
When asked to name his personal top three among all the books he has published, Keene gave the Japanese titles for works that he also wrote in English, a multivolume "History of Japanese Literature" as well as books titled in English as "Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion" and "So Lovely A Country Will Never Perish."
"Looking back, what I feel about my life is that it is not me who chose Japan, but Japan who chose me," Keene said. "After retiring from teaching, I will move to Japan and apply for Japanese citizenship. While immersing myself in the Japanese language, I want to devote my time to reading and writing."
His first project is to complete a biography of Masaoka Shiki (1867-1902), a haiku poet of the Meiji Era (1868-1912).
The 88-year-old Keene will step down in late April, bringing to an end a teaching career at Columbia that began in 1955.
After concluding his teaching duties, Keene plans to move permanently to Tokyo and fulfill his dream of writing full time.
Keene was very concerned following the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11. He had made many visits to Chusonji temple in Hiraizumi, Iwate Prefecture, and Matsushima in Miyagi Prefecture, two of the hardest-hit prefectures in the Tohoku region.
"I have had special feelings toward the Tohoku region since I first traveled along the 'Oku no hosomichi' 56 years ago," Keene said. "I lectured for about six months at Tohoku University, and I am acquainted with the priests at Chusonji temple. I am very worried."
Keene referred to the classic work of literature written by the haiku master Matsuo Basho (1644-1694), which he translated into English under the title, "The Narrow Road to Oku."
While there is high scientific interest now in the United States on how to prevent earthquakes and tsunami, Keene is skeptical about the Western-style conviction in science that believes humans can control natural disasters.
"I am a person who has been heavily influenced by Japanese culture," Keene said. "I am moved by the sense of resignation that feels the power held by nature cannot be resisted."
In his final term at Columbia, Keene has been lecturing on such Noh songs as "Funabenkei" and "Yuya."
His initial encounter with Japanese literature was purely by accident.
Having skipped grades in school, Keene entered Columbia University when he was 16. One day, he happened to sit next to a Chinese-American student and started learning kanji from him. Keene was deeply struck by the beauty of kanji.
He was also fascinated by the English translation of "The Tale of Genji" that he read when he was 18, and he volunteered to enter the U.S. Navy's Japanese language school.
He was surprised to hear about Japanese soldiers fighting to the death at Attu in the Aleutian chain. During the Battle of Okinawa, he searched for Japanese hiding in caves.
His days in Qingdao, China, were spent interrogating Japanese prisoners of war.
"I saw the dark side of humans," Keene said. "There were Japanese POWs who betrayed their fellow soldiers, and there were U.S. soldiers who duped Japanese POWs into giving up their artwork possessions."
Becoming fed up with the interrogations, Keene asked for a discharge. He returned to New York, but he could not find an occupation that interested him.
"I resumed my study of Japanese literature because I felt the Japanese language best suited my constitution," he said.
Over the course of 70 years of research, he has written more than 40 books.
When asked to name his personal top three among all the books he has published, Keene gave the Japanese titles for works that he also wrote in English, a multivolume "History of Japanese Literature" as well as books titled in English as "Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion" and "So Lovely A Country Will Never Perish."
"Looking back, what I feel about my life is that it is not me who chose Japan, but Japan who chose me," Keene said. "After retiring from teaching, I will move to Japan and apply for Japanese citizenship. While immersing myself in the Japanese language, I want to devote my time to reading and writing."
His first project is to complete a biography of Masaoka Shiki (1867-1902), a haiku poet of the Meiji Era (1868-1912).
Donald Keene’s Latest Japanese Adventure
Scholar Donald Keene, who has dedicated his life to studying Japanese literature, culture and customs, revealed last week that he's following another Japanese tradition: adult adoption.
Donald Keene arriving for his permanent relocation to Japan in 2011
Associated Press
Donald Keene, one of the world’s best-known Japanologists, has dedicated his life to studying Japanese literature, culture and customs. Last week, he revealed he’s following another Japanese tradition: adult adoption.
Mr. Keene, 90 years old, told an audience in northern Japan that in March he adopted his long-time friend Seiki Uehara, a 62-year-old performer of the shamisen, a Japanese stringed instrument.
“It felt like the natural course of things,” the former Mr. Uehara—now Seiki Keene—told JRT on Wednesday. The adoption grew out of a friendship that started in 2006, and eventually led to Mr. Uehara’s moving into Mr. Keene’s Tokyo home and helping the older man out with things like keeping his large collection of books organized.
Adult adoption is a fairly common practice in Japan, with around a third of all adopted individuals being adults, according to a survey carried out by the Ministry of Justice in 2010, ahead of stricter checks for accepting adoption applications. In 2011, there were 81,600 cases of adoption in Japan. In many cases, adult men are adopted into families in order to carry on the family name—and sometimes business—when there are no male descendants.
Mr. Keene, who’s known for books and scholarship introducing Japanese literature to the West—as well as his friendships with many of the Japanese literary giants of the postwar period, has no children or other family.
The pair originally came together over a keen interest in kojyoruri, an ancient form of Japanese musical performance. Mr. Uehara had performed in a similar style—jyoruri—for 25 years, as a shamisen player at the Bunraku-za puppet theater, under the stage name of “Tsurusawa Asazo V.” He retired in 1997 and returned to his home prefecture in northern Japan to help his family’s brewery business, but remained passionately interested in the genre.
Mr. Keene is known as a leading expert on kojyoruri. In November 2006, Mr. Uehara approached the older man backstage, after a Tokyo talk, to ask whether Mr. Keene would be his mentor on the subject. Mr. Uehara told Mr. Keene he “had no one to seek guidance from,” the younger man told JRT.
At the time, Mr. Keene was still teaching at Columbia University, where he’d been for more than half a century, and spending time in the U.S. as well as Japan. But following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, Mr. Keene decided to move permanently to Japan and become a Japanese citizen. That’s when he brought up to Mr. Uehara the idea of adoption.
“When he’d first mentioned adoption, I thought he was joking,” the junior Mr. Keene says. “But eventually I understood that he was being serious.” Now the younger man helps his adoptive father organize his busy schedule from their apartment in Tokyo, while holding shamisen performances of his own. The older Mr. Keene gained Japanese citizenship in 2012.
The pair say their cross-cultural partnership has been smooth so far. The former Mr. Uehara says his family was delighted at the news of his adoption, and that nobody close to Mr. Keene raised objections either. And what does the younger Keene think of his new surname? “I like it a lot,” he told JRT. “I’ve finally managed to get used to it.”
Mr. Keene, 90 years old, told an audience in northern Japan that in March he adopted his long-time friend Seiki Uehara, a 62-year-old performer of the shamisen, a Japanese stringed instrument.
“It felt like the natural course of things,” the former Mr. Uehara—now Seiki Keene—told JRT on Wednesday. The adoption grew out of a friendship that started in 2006, and eventually led to Mr. Uehara’s moving into Mr. Keene’s Tokyo home and helping the older man out with things like keeping his large collection of books organized.
Adult adoption is a fairly common practice in Japan, with around a third of all adopted individuals being adults, according to a survey carried out by the Ministry of Justice in 2010, ahead of stricter checks for accepting adoption applications. In 2011, there were 81,600 cases of adoption in Japan. In many cases, adult men are adopted into families in order to carry on the family name—and sometimes business—when there are no male descendants.
Mr. Keene, who’s known for books and scholarship introducing Japanese literature to the West—as well as his friendships with many of the Japanese literary giants of the postwar period, has no children or other family.
The pair originally came together over a keen interest in kojyoruri, an ancient form of Japanese musical performance. Mr. Uehara had performed in a similar style—jyoruri—for 25 years, as a shamisen player at the Bunraku-za puppet theater, under the stage name of “Tsurusawa Asazo V.” He retired in 1997 and returned to his home prefecture in northern Japan to help his family’s brewery business, but remained passionately interested in the genre.
Mr. Keene is known as a leading expert on kojyoruri. In November 2006, Mr. Uehara approached the older man backstage, after a Tokyo talk, to ask whether Mr. Keene would be his mentor on the subject. Mr. Uehara told Mr. Keene he “had no one to seek guidance from,” the younger man told JRT.
At the time, Mr. Keene was still teaching at Columbia University, where he’d been for more than half a century, and spending time in the U.S. as well as Japan. But following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, Mr. Keene decided to move permanently to Japan and become a Japanese citizen. That’s when he brought up to Mr. Uehara the idea of adoption.
“When he’d first mentioned adoption, I thought he was joking,” the junior Mr. Keene says. “But eventually I understood that he was being serious.” Now the younger man helps his adoptive father organize his busy schedule from their apartment in Tokyo, while holding shamisen performances of his own. The older Mr. Keene gained Japanese citizenship in 2012.
The pair say their cross-cultural partnership has been smooth so far. The former Mr. Uehara says his family was delighted at the news of his adoption, and that nobody close to Mr. Keene raised objections either. And what does the younger Keene think of his new surname? “I like it a lot,” he told JRT. “I’ve finally managed to get used to it.”
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