北京語言大學退休教授董樹人稱編寫該詞典是為了搶救北京方言
本報訊 （記者郭少峰）北京語言大學退休教授董樹人編寫的《新編北京方言詞典》將在未來幾天正式上架，這本詞典已由商務印書館出版。董樹人在接受記者電話採訪時表 示，主要是因為北京方言像北京衚同一樣消失得很快，為了搶救北京方言，所以才在前人研究的基礎上編寫了這本詞典。
今年新詞亦有收錄
《新編北京方言詞典》約46萬字，共收單字條目860余條，多字條目9340余條。董樹人介紹說，本書所收的詞語限定在七十歲左右的人還在使用，或雖已不用但還能懂這一范圍內，也收有少量今年產生的新詞語。
這本詞典是繼20年前出版的《北京土語詞典》後第二本北京方言著作，以往的同類著作，如徐世榮的《北京土語詞典》主要是描寫北京城區的語言狀況。董樹人則根據目前北京地理區域越來越大的現實，在本書中收錄了一定量的近遠郊詞語，包括農業和農村詞語。
從開編到上市歷時10年
據 估算，該詞典較《北京土語詞典》新添了兩千多條北京近遠郊方言詞彙，並對約10%的詞條解釋做了一定的修訂和擴充。董樹人說，為更加全面地匯集北京方言， 自己走訪了一些近遠郊區，同時查看歷史資料以及和方言有關的小說，收集了許多民俗方面的詞語。“改革開放之初我就在收集語料，從開始編寫到正式出版上市差 不多有十年的時間”。
詞典中收集了絕大部分北京人耳熟能詳的詞語，像“趴活兒”“嗝屁”“份兒錢”，還收錄了諸如“打尖兒”（掐去棉花頂端的尖兒）一類的農業詞語，並新增了一些類似詞典中極少見的方言詞，如老星兒、書子、蹲拍子等。
■ 對話
“北京方言像衚同一樣消失很快”
新京報：當時怎麼想著要編寫這本方言詞典？
董樹人：20年前徐世榮編寫《北京土語詞典》時，北京城的概念是老城墻以裏，也就是現在二環以裏，現在的北京都有六環了。他收集的北京土話也多局限在當時北京城裏的土話，北京變大了，方言收集也該增加了。
新京報：選擇的標準是什麼？最新的網路語言是否被收錄？
董樹人：認知年齡的上限是70歲左右的老北京人，還在使用或雖已不用但還能懂的，也收有少量改革開放以後產生的新詞語，比如“倒爺”“練攤兒”。我沒有收錄網路語言，因為我都75歲了，連發郵件都不會，不懂這些網路語言，收錄了可能會鬧笑話。
新京報：在收錄時花了多長時間？
董樹人：積累資料是從改革開放之初就開始了，正式動手編寫這本詞典是2001年7月，2007年7月交稿，這前後花了六年時間，以後把稿子交給出版社，又等了三年多時間，這中間還刪除了一些詞條。
新京報：你在編寫這本詞典時遇到的比較大的困難是什麼？
董樹人：我是河北涿州人，離北京比較近，對北京方言還算比較熟，但也會有少量的詞不懂，比較困難的就是雖然有些詞我懂得是啥意思，但調兒不懂，這就需要查工具書或問朋友。
新京報：跟徐世榮的《北京土語詞典》相比，這本方言詞典在收錄詞條上有哪些特點？
董樹人：最大的變化就是增加了底層和民俗的方言，還增加了對農業和農村的詞條。他的版本中有關基層的和民俗的比較少，他對東城區的高層社會裏流行的土話比較熟悉，但有關底層民眾的土話就比較少。
新京報：你在編寫這本詞典中都有怎樣的感受和發現？
董 樹人：我就是發現北京方言消失得特別快，就像北京衚同一樣。其實北京方言詞典對研究歷史文化有很重要的作用，對研究地域文化也很有幫助。我希望用文字的方 式將這些詞固定下來，讓以後的人也能懂得現在的文化。在查閱一些晚清、民國時期的文獻時，方言詞典也能在很大程度上為閱讀者的理解提供方便。
北京方言詞條摘選
【他披（pei）片兒抱砂鍋】
意思是說他已經當了乞丐了，因為買不起衣服，就披（pei）個破麻袋片兒，把砂鍋捧在手裏要飯吃，或者冬天沒地方住，手裏捧一個小罐裏面放有炭，用於取暖，在商店門口乞討。這就是說他日子混得不好，但不直接說他當乞丐了。
【趴活兒】
現在用以表示計程車停在一個地方等乘客。
【誇誇上的親戚】
關係非常遠的親戚。
【今天人來海（hai，第一聲）了】
今天人來得特別多。
【碰瓷兒】
故意弄壞東西讓人賠償，耍騙術騙人，以訛詐取利。
【錢花得老鼻子了】
錢花得特別多。
【喜歌兒】
在結婚、生孩子、孩子滿月、打井、上樑時，乞丐拿著銅錢走到正屋，邊走邊說的吉利話，需要討賞錢。
【書子】
信。例句：我請教書先生幫我寫了封書子。
【老星兒】
形容一個人幹活兒品質不高。例句：他幹活兒特別老星兒，別找他。
【份兒錢】
原來是指黃包車每天要交給車廠的錢，當時黃包車每天都要交份兒錢，現在計程車是每個月要交份兒錢。
【嗝屁】
指人死了。這屬於底層人常用的不很文雅的土話，中上層人士一般不用這樣的字眼兒來表示人的死亡。
【全須全尾（yi）兒地回來了】
北京市民愛鬥蛐蛐，蛐蛐有須有尾才叫完整，才能賣得出去。這是指比較完整地回來了。
【殃榜】
人死了之後發佈的訃告。
by Xinhua writer Yao Yuan, Bai Xu
BEIJING, Dec. 30 (Xinhua) -- When you hear an old Beijinger say that someone "listens to the song of lalagu," it doesn't mean the guy is a fan of a famous singer namely lalagu.
In fact, it is a humorous and euphemistic way of saying "to die" in the Beijing dialect.
However, the expression seemed unintelligible to 21-year-old Yuan Hui.
"I don't even know what lalagu is," said the Internet-savvy Beijing native, who preferred buzzwords like "gua" ("to kick the bucket" in English) when she joked with friends in online chat rooms.
As someone who could not distinguish ploughs from hoes, Yuan could be pardoned for not knowing lalagu, or mole cricket, a notorious crop pest in the eyes of many Chinese peasants. And given the tunnel-digging habit of lalagus, their ugly chirpings were, in the old language, reserved for those who "bite the dust."
Such slang, albeit archaic, has been compiled into a dictionary, which was published on Monday. The author, Dong Shuren, is a retired professor of linguistics at Beijing Language and Cultural University. He has spent over 10 years collecting old Beijing words and phrases.
"Slang words are the fossils of history; I try to record them so that later generations could better understand life in old Beijing," said Dong.
The New Beijing Dialect Dictionary, which includes 10,200 entries of words and slang, is the first of its kind published in recent years, after Xu Shirong's Beijing Local Dialect Dictionary (1990).
But Dong said the tremendous changes in Beijing dialect in recent years have outpaced China's meager work to document it.
"China is changing so fast, and so is the Beijing dialect -- new slang keeps popping up while old ones are quickly disappearing," said Dong. "But the efforts to collect those obsolete slang words still lag behind."
In the eyes of Dong, many slang words have pedigrees in customs and cultures that were once widespread in Beijing. Their lifespan, from emergence to extinction, well bespeaks the changes in the city.
"For example, the popularity of cricket fighting in Beijing's hutongs brought about the slang term 'to return with antennas and tail' to describe a person who is 'safe and sound' after a dangerous event," said Dong.
"Beijing families used to ask 'quankouren,' or "complete-family women" to give a hand in wedding preparations, viewing them as auspicious and a blessing to the marriage, and one standard of 'quankouren' is to have at least one son and one daughter," said Dong.
But this slang term, along with the custom, has slipped out of vogue since few women now qualify as "quankouren" following the implementation of the "one child policy".
"It's difficult to preserve them in real life since the social phenomena they're linked to have disappeared," said Dong. "But a comprehensive recording will benefit future interpretations of literary works of our times."
The Beijing dialect is the phonological basis of Standard Mandarin, and its status as the tone of the Chinese capital also makes it popular in the literature and pop cultures. Novels of Lao She and comedy films by Feng Xiaogang all feature a vivid use of Beijing-flavored language.
"China is changing so fast, and so is the Beijing dialect -- new slang keeps popping up while old ones are quickly disappearing," said Dong. "But the efforts to collect those obsolete slang words still lag behind."In the eyes of Dong, many slang words have pedigrees in customs and cultures that were once widespread in Beijing. Their lifespan, from emergence to extinction, well bespeaks the changes in the city.
"For example, the popularity of cricket fighting in Beijing's hutongs brought about the slang term 'to return with antennas and tail' to describe a person who is 'safe and sound' after a dangerous event," said Dong.
"Beijing families used to ask 'quankouren,' or "complete-family women" to give a hand in wedding preparations, viewing them as auspicious and a blessing to the marriage, and one standard of 'quankouren' is to have at least one son and one daughter," said Dong.
But this slang term, along with the custom, has slipped out of vogue since few women now qualify as "quankouren" following the implementation of the "one child policy".
"It's difficult to preserve them in real life since the social phenomena they're linked to have disappeared," said Dong. "But a comprehensive recording will benefit future interpretations of literary works of our times."
The Beijing dialect is the phonological basis of Standard Mandarin, and its status as the tone of the Chinese capital also makes it popular in the literature and pop cultures. Novels of Lao She and comedy films by Feng Xiaogang all feature a vivid use of Beijing-flavored language.
Liu's nostalgia is echoed by many young Chinese, who are now brainstorming for new ways of promoting "the tone of home" in a move to cherish the memory of their hometown or to display the pride on their identity.
On China's Internet, many dialects have opened postbars or forums, where posts aimed to combat "dialect illiteracy" or to mock the "Grade Six Test" attracted the most hits.
Netizens also collected ballads and riddles from different dialects to share with each other.
In China's economic hub Shanghai, old slang has been listed in the middle school literature textbook to let students better understand the history of the city through its language.
Also, it has become a trend in recent years to have the heroes and heroines in films talking in dialect. A new version of the latest blockbuster "Let the Bullets Fly" has just hit the screen in Sichuan dialect from the beginning to the end.
On China's video platform Tudou.com, the American animation Tom and Jerry has at least 15 dialect versions, spontaneously dubbed by enthusiastic netizens.
"It's a shame that many children can no longer understand that," commented one netizen under a Fuzhou dialect dubbed Doraemon episode. "It's a fun experience exclusively enjoyed by we 'Fuzhounese'-speaking people."
(Liu Tong from Shanxi, Sun Weili from Beijing also contributed to the story.)
****| 《新編北京方言詞典》增加兩千余詞條 |
| www.hellotw.com 發佈日期：2010年12月22日 09:50 來源：法制晚報 |
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引用日前，由北京語言大學董樹人教授編寫的《新編北京方言詞典》正式上架。
這本書是繼20年前出版的《北京土語詞典》後第二本經典的北京方言著作，打破了多年來沒有方言新著問世的局面。
據估算，該詞典較《北京土語詞典》新添了兩千多條北京近遠郊方言詞彙，並對約10%的詞條解釋做了一定的修訂和擴充。
為了更加全面地匯集北京方言，董教授走訪了一些近遠郊區，同時查看歷史資料以及和方言有關的小説，收集了許多民俗方面的詞語。歷時十年，終於完成了詞典的編寫。
詞典中除了絕大部分北京人耳熟能詳的詞語之外，還收錄了諸如「打尖兒」(掐去棉花頂端的尖兒)一類的農業詞語，並新增了一些類似詞典中極少見的方言詞，如老星兒、書子、蹲拍子等。
此外，董教授表示，目前很多留學生很願意學一些地道的方言，因此在編寫這本詞典時，他也適當加入了一些簡單且有趣的詞條，讓留學生通過方言了解我國的歷史和文化。
據介紹，該詞典約46萬字，收入單字條目860余條，多字條目9340余條。這本書於今天起在各新華書店上架，售價為35元。該書暫不會作為某一學科的教材，對於閱讀人群也沒有特殊限定。
對話
「編寫詞典是搶救語言」
在新書上架之際，記者專訪了該詞典的編者董樹人教授。
法制晚報(以下簡稱FW)：方言類的書籍在二十年間都沒有新作問世，您怎麼會想到編寫新書？
董樹人(以下簡稱董)：20年前徐世榮先生編書的時候，北京城的概念是二環以裏，現在的北京都有六環了。北京變大了，説的方言也增加了。
FW：這本詞典收錄的方言以什麼為標準？
董：認知年齡的上限是70歲左右的老北京人，選擇的是他們還在用或是還能懂的詞語為主。
FW：這本詞典的問世有什麼意義？
董：北京方言詞典對研究歷史文化有很重要的作用。像元曲，作者大多是現在北京附近文化程度較低的人，因此夾雜了大量的北京方言。在查閱一些晚清、民國時期的文獻時，方言詞典也能在很大程度上為閱讀者的理解提供方便。
FW：您編寫這本詞典的初衷是什麼？
董：我是專門從事語言研究的，對於語言和文字有著很特殊的感情。編寫這本詞典也是為了做一些語言的搶救工作。
隨著普通話的普及，加上現在的全國人口流動性大，使北京「土著」的土語消失得很快。我希望用文字的方式將這些詞固定下來，讓以後的人也能懂現在的文化。
對於一個時代，通過語言的遺留更能看出當時的文化。
部分新增方言詞
老星兒：形容一個人幹活兒質量不高。例句：他幹活兒特別老星兒，別找他。
書子：信。例句：我請教書先生幫我寫了封書子。
蹲拍子：也叫趴拍子。舊指老乞丐夜裏在店舖廊下棲身。例句：那個老乞丐又在蹲拍子了。
簡單且有趣的詞條
「我可叫王承恩了」：我可沒有辦法了。這句話的來源有兩種：一説來源於明末國庫空虛，太監王承恩代表朝廷向王公大臣、皇親國戚去索捐，王公大臣、皇親國戚向王承恩紛紛叫苦哭窮；一説來源於崇禎皇帝在煤山上吊前喊王承恩：可怎麼辦？(新聞觀察員張同昱記者蘭藝雲）
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