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聶魯達長眠，詩歌卻永生

伊蘭·斯塔文斯 2013年04月27日

馬薩諸塞州艾摩斯特市
以其對詩的熱愛和左翼理想而聞名的智利詩人巴勃羅·聶魯達(Pablo Neruda)在40年前的9月去世。人們認為他現在應該在九泉下安息。但周一，在古典音樂家演奏着維森特·比安希(Vicente Bianchi)為聶魯達的詩所譜的曲子時，他的屍骨被挖掘出來，用以檢測他是否死於投毒——而不是常規的說法，即他死於前列腺癌。

最近幾年來，西語裔世界的其他偶像人物也遭遇了同樣的命運。經民主選舉選出的候任智利總統薩爾瓦多·阿連德(Salvador Allende)在1973年被軍政府趕下台，在2011年，他的屍體被重新挖掘出來進行鑒定，以確定他死於自己開出的致命一槍。（是的，結果至今仍然備受爭議。）已故的委內瑞拉總統烏戈·查韋斯(Hugo Chávez)在2010年下令，要求打開其偶像西蒙·玻利瓦爾(Simón Bolívar)的墓穴來驗證他的理論，他認為這位解放者死於投毒，而不是肺結核。（他的理論尚未得以證實。）
2008年，一名西班牙法官授權挖開位於南部城鎮阿爾法卡爾的集體墓穴，以查明在1936年內戰開始時被法西斯暗殺的詩人兼戲劇家費德里戈·加西亞·洛爾卡(Federico García Lorca)是否葬在此地。（結論模稜兩可。）
把聶魯達及其親密朋友加西亞·洛爾卡等藝術家重新召回到人世，這帶有一絲哥特式的恐怖感，但也有宣洩感情的作用，讓我們思考死亡是否就是終結。智利法官在2月決定調查聶魯達之死，並由此引發了本周的掘棺之舉，這看起來像是一種贖罪行為。
聶魯達用他手中的筆去表達、去控訴、去譴責。軍政府篡權時他69歲，當時他已經擔任過使館專員、參議員和大使。1969年，他最初以共產黨人身份競選總統，但後來轉而支持阿連德參選。然而，對政治變革的熱情只是他性格的一面，另一面則是追求享樂。很多人都非常享受生活，但幾乎沒有人像他那樣善於表達。聶魯達詩作中所表達的感官狂歡是具有感染力、愉悅感和情色意味的，但也帶有毀滅性：在聶魯達的第三任妻子瑪蒂爾德·烏魯蒂亞(Matilde Urrutia)得知他和她的侄女有越軌行為後，他們二人的婚姻也分崩離析。烏魯蒂亞曾是他的靈感來源，激發他寫下了《船長的詩》(The Captain’s Verses)和《一百首愛情十四行詩》(One Hundred Love Sonnets)。
聶魯達於1973年9月23日在聖地亞哥的一個診所里逝世。在他去世12天前，一場受到美國支持的政變推翻了阿連德，並讓奧古斯托·皮諾切特上將 (Augusto Pinochet)上台。2011年，聶魯達的前司機說，詩人在去世前夜告訴他，醫生向他體內注射了有害藥物。陰謀論者稱，聶魯達和愛德華多·弗雷·蒙塔爾瓦(Eduardo Frei Montalva)死於同一家醫院，蒙塔爾瓦是一名政治人士，之前曾支持軍政府，後改變立場，他在1982年去世。一名法官在2009年判定蒙塔爾瓦是中毒身亡。
是否聶魯達也遭遇了類似的命運？阿連德在1973年9月11日去世，而另一名軍政府的反對者、民歌歌手維克多·哈拉(Víctor Jara)也在9月16日遭到暗殺。軍政府可能對病重的詩人實施了致命一擊。
掘開偶像人物的墳墓是消解負罪感的一種方式。在拉丁美洲的其他國家，過去的魅影再次浮現：在危地馬拉，前獨裁者埃弗拉因·里奧斯·蒙特 (Efraín Ríos Montt)因被控種族滅絕罪而接受審判；在阿根廷的城市裡，隨處可見對那些在“骯髒戰爭”中“消失”的人的紀念；在墨西哥，一度順從的媒體向前總統費利佩·卡爾德龍(Felipe Calderón)發起挑戰，質問他對販毒集團發動的戰爭。
但在這一令人沮喪的歷史回顧中，聶魯達佔有着特殊的地位。哥倫比亞作家、同樣也是諾貝爾文學獎得主的加夫列爾·加西亞·馬爾克斯(Gabriel García Márquez)稱聶魯達是“20世紀最重要的詩人——對任何語言而言”。
聶魯達給世人留下了數千首詩，其中一些詩充滿了靈感之美，乃至可以證明西班牙語言的存在是必要正確的。少男少女經常把他的詩集《二十首情詩與絕望的歌》(Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair)送給他們的心上人。人們常常憑記憶大聲朗讀有他那些有關意識形態的詩句，從一個革命到另一個革命，從柏林牆的倒塌到阿拉伯之春的餘燼。聶魯達的一些詩——《我請求安靜》(I Ask for Silence)、《四處遊盪》(Walking Around)和《洋薊頌》(Ode to the Artichoke)——被多次譯成英文，每一個譯本都努力讓聶魯達被新一代人所熟知和重視。
由於訴訟時效的限制，再加上犯罪嫌疑人已死的可能性，讓針對聶魯達之死的權威判決變得不太可能。掘墓之舉令人毛骨悚然。詩人的遺著保管機構巴勃羅· 聶魯達基金會(Pablo Neruda Foundation)起初並不支持掘墓，詩人的侄子和傳記作家仍然持質疑態度。掘墓的決定是在智利共產黨提出申請之後做出的，該決定似乎主要是受到以掘墓來埋葬過去這一自相矛盾的願望的驅動。此舉在很大程度上是沒有意義的：妖魔化皮諾切特的行動早已開始——最近的舉措包括巴勃羅·拉臘因(Pablo Larraín)的電影《智利說不》(No)，它講述了在1988年幫助結束皮諾切特統治的全民公決。
在我看來，聶魯達超脫於這些塵俗小事之上。他是永恆的詩人。他向我們揭示了面對壓迫（及其最有害的同伴：忘卻）最好的解藥是：詩歌。
表面上，一首詩似乎不能阻止子彈。但詩人永遠留存在人們心中，這幫助智利進行民主轉型，他的詩句被一次次提起，這本身就是一種反抗。他在每個人的耳邊低語，生命是不能被壓制的。他可能為了這一理念失去了生命，但該理念在他的詩句里得到永生。

伊蘭·斯塔文斯(Ilan Stavans)是阿默斯特學院(Amherst College)的拉丁美洲與拉美文化教授，也是即將出版的雙語版巴勃羅·聶魯達詩集的編輯。
本文最初發表於2013年4月10日。
翻譯：陶夢縈

Op-Ed Contributor

Disturbing Pablo Neruda’s Rest

By ILAN STAVANS April 27, 2013

AMHERST, Mass.
THE Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, known for his love poems and leftist ideals, died 40 years ago this September. One would hope he’d be at rest by now. But on Monday, as classical musicians played a Neruda work set to music by Vicente Bianchi, his remains were exhumed to determine whether he died from poison — instead of prostate cancer, the conventional account.

In recent years, other icons of the Hispanic world have suffered the same fate. In 2011, Salvador Allende, Chile’s democratically elected president-elect who was deposed by a military junta in 1973, was disinterred to verify that he’d fatally shot himself. (The finding — yes — is still disputed.) The late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez ordered in 2010 that the tomb of his idol, Simón Bolívar, be opened to test his theory that the liberator died of poisoning, not tuberculosis. (The theory remains unproved.)
And in 2008, a Spanish judge authorized the unearthing of a mass grave in the southern town of Alfácar to see whether Federico García Lorca, the poet and dramatist who was assassinated by Fascists in 1936, at the outset of the Civil War, was buried there. (The results were inconclusive.)
There is something gothic, but also cathartic, about summoning artists like Neruda, and his close friend García Lorca, back into the realm of the living, making us wonder if death is really the end. A Chilean judge’s decision, in February, to allow an investigation into Neruda’s death, which led to this week’s exhumation, looks like an act of expiation.
Neruda used his pen to denote, to denounce, to decry. He was 69 when the junta took power. By then he had been an embassy attaché, a senator and an ambassador. In 1969, he initially ran for president as a Communist, but later backed Allende’s candidacy. However, passion for political change was only one side of his persona. The other was that of a bon vivant. Many people enjoy life plentifully, but few have been so eloquent about it. The Dionysian sensuality of Neruda’s odes is contagious, joyful and erotic. And also destructive: Neruda’s marriage to Matilde Urrutia, his third wife and the inspiration for “The Captain’s Verses” and “One Hundred Love Sonnets,” unraveled after she learned he was having an affair with her niece.
Neruda died in a clinic in Santiago on Sept. 23, 1973 — 12 days after the American-backed coup that overthrew Allende and brought Gen. Augusto Pinochet to power. Many Chileans have long been skeptical of the official cause of death. In 2011, Neruda’s former driver said the poet told him, on the eve of his death, that he’d been given a harmful injection by a doctor. Conspiracy theorists note that Neruda died in the same hospital where Eduardo Frei Montalva, a politician who had supported the junta before switching sides, died in 1982. A judge ruled in 2009 that Frei had been poisoned.
Could Neruda have suffered a similar fate? Allende had died on Sept. 11, 1973, and another opponent of the junta, the folk singer Víctor Jara, was assassinated on Sept. 16. Finishing off Neruda could have been the junta’s coup de grâce.
Exhuming icons is one way to deal with guilt. Elsewhere in Latin America, the past’s phantoms are resurfacing: in Guatemala, where the former dictator Efraín Ríos Montt is on trial for genocide; in Argentina, whose cities are dotted with memorials to those who were “disappeared” during the “dirty war”; and in Mexico, where a once-pliant media have challenged the former president Felipe Calderón’s handling of the war against drug cartels.
But Neruda holds a special place in this grim look backward. Gabriel García Márquez, the Colombian writer and a fellow Nobel laureate, has called him “the most important poet of the 20th century — in any language.”
Neruda left thousands of poems, a handful of which are of such inspired beauty as to justify the very existence of the Spanish language. Adolescents routinely give his “Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair” to their sweethearts. His ideological verses have been read aloud, often from memory, in one revolution after another, from the fall of the Berlin Wall to the embers of the Arab Spring. Some of Neruda’s poems — “I Ask for Silence,” “Walking Around,” “Ode to the Artichoke” — have been rendered into English repeatedly, each version another effort to make him current and vital to a new generation.
A statute of limitations, along with the likelihood that culpable figures are dead, make an authoritative verdict on Neruda’s death improbable. The exhumation is creepy. The Pablo Neruda Foundation, the poet’s literary executor, initially did not support it, and his nephew and biographer remains skeptical. The decision, which followed a request by Chilean Communists, seems motivated more than anything by a present-day desire to bury the past by, paradoxically, digging it up. It’s largely pointless: The demonization of Pinochet is well under way — see, most recently, Pablo Larraín’s film “No,” about the 1988 plebiscite that helped end his rule.
Neruda, it seems to me, is beyond such trifles. He is the poet of the eternal present. He revealed to us the best antidote to oppression (and its most noxious companion, oblivion): poetry.
On its surface, a poem seems incapable of stopping a bullet. Yet Chile’s transition to democracy was facilitated by the poet’s survival in people’s minds, his lines repeated time and again, as a form of subversion. Life cannot be repressed, he whispered in everyone’s ears. It was a message for which he may have died, but that lives on in his verse.

Ilan Stavans, a professor of Latin American and Latino culture at Amherst College, is the editor of a forthcoming bilingual edition of Pablo Neruda’s odes.

智利詩人聶魯達（Pablo Neruda，1904-1973）生前所說：「我喜歡變換語調，找出所有可能的聲音，追求每一種顏色，並且尋找任何可能的生命力量……當我探向越卑微的事物和題材時，我的詩就越明晰而快樂」。

Larynx《解剖学》喉頭(こうとう)；《動物》発声器官（((略式))voice box）.

AUTHOR(S)

Neruda, Pablo

PUB. DATE

March 1974

SOURCE

Paris Review;Spring74, Issue 57, p204

SOURCE TYPE

Periodical

DOC. TYPE

Poem

ABSTRACT

Presents the poem "Larynx," by Pablo Neruda. First Line: Now this is it, said Death, Last Line: fit punishment for a liar.

LARYNX

by Pablo Neruda (1904-1973)

Now this is it, said Death,

and as far as I could see

Death was looking at me, at me.

This all happened in hospital,

in washed out corridors,

and the doctor peered at me

with periscopic eyes.

He stuck his head in my mouth,

scratched away at my larynx –

perhaps a small seed

of death was stuck there.

At first, I turned into smoke

so that the cindery one

would pass and not recognize me.

I played the fool, I grew thin,

pretended to be simple or transparent –

I wanted to be a cyclist

to pedal out of death’s range.

The rage came over me

and I said, “Death, you bastard,

must you always keep butting in?

Haven’t you enough with all those bones?

I’ll tell you exactly what I think:

you have no discrimination, you’re deaf

and stupid beyond belief.

“Why are you following me?

What do you want with my skeleton?

Why don’t you take the miserable one,

the cataleptic, the smart one,

the bitter, the unfaithful, the ruthless,

the murderer, the adulterers,

the two-faced judge,

the deceiving journalist,

tyrants from islands,

those who set fire to mountains,

the chiefs of police,

jailers and burglars?

Why do you have to take me?

What business have I with Heaven?

Hell doesn’t suit me –

I feel fine on the earth.”

With such internal mutterings

I kept myself going

while the restless doctor

went tramping through my lungs,

from bronchea to bronchea

like a bird from branch to branch.

I couldn’t feel my throat;

my mouth was open like the jaws of a suit of armor,

and the doctor ran up and down

my larynx on his bicycle,

till, serious and certain,

he looked at me through his telescope

and pried me loose from death.

It wasn’t what they had thought.

It wasn’t my turn.

If I tell you I suffered a lot,

and really loved the mystery,

that Our Lord and Our Lady

were waiting for me in their oasis,

if I talk of enchantment,

and being eaten up by distress

at not being close to dying,

if I say like a stupid chicken

that I die not by dying,

give me a boot in the butt

fit punishment for a liar.

Translated by Alastair Reid

感受一首1920年代的
Leaning into the Afternoons
Poetry by Pablo Neruda --

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWl4_SQ5t7g

收入《二十首情詩與絕望的歌》

パブロ・ネルーダ

ネルーダ回想録
わが生涯の告白

三笠書房 1977

Pablo Neruda
Confieso Que He Vivido 1974
[訳]本川誠二
http://1000ya.isis.ne.jp/1301.html

『ネルーダ回想録わが生涯の告白』
パブロ・ネルーダ著
本川誠二訳
三笠書房　1977

パブロ・ネルーダ

『ネルーダ詩集』
パブロ・ネルーダ著
田村さと子訳編
海外詩文庫　2004

学生時代のパブロ・ネルーダ
1919年

「クラリダド」

『チリの歴史』
ハイメ・エイサギルレ著
山本雅俊訳
新評論　1998

『ラテンアメリカ文学史』
ジャック・ジョゼ著
高見英一鼓直訳
クセジュ　1975

『チリの悲劇』
国際問題研究会編訳
拓殖書房　1974

『ラテンアメリカ現代史Ⅱ』
中川文雄松下洋遅野井茂雄著
山川出版社　1985

ルベン・ダリオ

アウグスト＝ピノチェト

詩與頌歌 (口袋聶魯達詩集) 北京:人民文學 1987

Pablo Neruda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

- [ 翻譯這個網頁 ]Pablo Neruda (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and, later, legal name of the Chilean poet and politician Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto. ...

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Neruda: An Intimate Biography

by Volodia Teitelboim

"Teitelboim's biography may well serve as the most important reference on Neruda's life and spirit because he maintains a historical distance between the reader and his subject. Teitelboim's Neruda is close enough to present a penetrating study of the poet, yet it is objective enough to sustain critical perspective. The book spans Neruda's career from birth until after his death, enabling the reader to glimpse the poet through the mirror of his friend."--Journal of Third World Studies(less)

书　　名：聂鲁达集
作　　者：（智利）聂鲁达，赵振江，滕威主编
出版社：花城出版社
出版时间：2008-1-1
字　　数：450000
版　　次：1
页　　数：370
印刷时间：2008-1-1
开　　本：16开
印　　次：1
纸　　张：胶版纸
ＩＳＢＮ：9787536050174
包　　装：平装
定　　价：45.00
所属分类：传记>>文学家
商家编号：888005

编辑推荐

本书呈开放式，选材严格，以文人作品为主，另行选入相关的传记及评论文字；每集前后均置有作者概述及生平年表，使读者对作家有更直接、更完整、更深入的了解。在译文方面，尽可能选用多家，冀有翻译史的线索可寻。
巴勃罗·聂鲁达是二十世纪所有语言中最伟大的诗人。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　——加西亚·巴尔克斯
聂鲁达的诗以一种拉美无人能及的充满激情、柔情、真情的音调横空出世。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　——加西亚·洛尔卡
聂鲁达同时拥有睁开的和闭上的眼睛。梦游人的眼睛。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　——帕斯
聂鲁达是一股冲破锁链的力量，席卷芸芸众生的火山和洪流，摧毁和抹杀一切的大河，一片永不凋零的森林，一场如大自然般永不停歇的革命，上帝创造世界第三日的生灵：长尾龙，尚无定形的生物，在换皮昏睡中的蟒蛇。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　——加布列尔·塞拉亚
整个世界不过是一行诗。《漫歌》就是盘点世界的这行诗、这首诗。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　——路易斯·罗萨雷斯
聂鲁达的艺术风格达到了西班牙语巴罗克诗歌的顶点。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　——费尔南多·阿莱格里亚

内容简介

巴勃鲁·聂鲁达（Pablo Neruda，1904-1973）：智利著名诗人、诺贝尔文学奖获得者。他出生在一个铁路职工家庭里。13岁就在报刊上发表文章，19岁出版了第一部诗集《晚霞》，20岁发表了成名作《二十首情诗和一只绝望的歌》，奠定了他在智利乃至世界诗坛上的地位。聂鲁达生前出版了《大地上的居所》、《西班牙在我心中》、《漫歌》、《爱情十四行诗一百首》、《无用的地理学》、《孤独的玫瑰》等数十部诗集。

聂鲁达最著名的诗集是《漫歌集》（又译《诗歌总集》或《大众之歌》）。1971年，聂鲁达被授予诺贝尔文学奖。1973年9月23日，聂鲁达因心脏病发作与世长辞。他逝世以后，人们又出版了他的诗集《冬天的花园》、《2000年》、《黄色的心》、《疑难集》、《挽歌》、《海与神》、《挑眼集》以及回忆录《回首话沧桑》、散文集《我命该出世》。

高山的意志，大海的情怀——聂鲁达的生平与创作
诗歌
　《二十首情诗和一支绝望的歌》（1924年）
　　第七首
　　第十四首
　　第十八首
　《大地上的居所》（1925—1947年）
　　诗的艺术
　　孤独的骑士
　　惟有死亡
　　船歌
　　献给费德里柯·加西亚·洛尔加的颂歌
　　忘不了（奏鸣曲）
　　赫拉玛之役
　《漫歌》（1950年）
　　大地上的灯
　　　爱的亚美利加（1400）
　　　兽类
　　　河流赶到
　　　马楚·比楚高峰
　　征服者
　　　他们来到岛上（1493）
　　　一个士兵在睡觉
　　　挽歌
　　　智利的发现者们
　　　麦哲伦的心（1519）
　　解放者
　　　用塔塔·纳乔的音乐献给埃米利亚诺·萨帕塔
　　背叛的沙子
　　　不朽
　　亚美利加，我不是徒然地呼唤你的名字
　　　南方的冬天，骑在马上
　　　一朵玫瑰
　　　一只蝴蝶的生死
　　让那劈木做栅栏的醒来
　　逃亡者
　　普尼塔基的鲜花
　　　诗人
　　大洋
　　　拉帕—努伊
　　　石像的建造者（拉帕—努伊）
　　　雨（拉帕—努伊）
　　　南极
　　　波浪
　　　船舶
　　　致船首雕像（挽歌）
　　　被欺凌的海鸟
　　　鸬鹚
　　　不只是信天翁
　　　海的夜晚
　　我自己
　　　酒
　《船长的诗》（1952年）
　　渴望
　　鹰
　　狂怒
　　遗忘
　　亡者
　　颂歌与萌芽
　《元素的颂歌》（1954年）
　　衣服颂
　　夜间献给手表的颂歌
　　写给塞萨·巴列霍的颂歌
　《狂歌集》（1958年）
　　V
　　请不要问我
　　我请求安静
　　秋天的遗嘱（节选）
　《爱情十四行诗一百首》（1960年）
　　年
　　　第四十首
　　夜
　　　第八十九首
　《典礼之歌》（1962年）
　　曲终人散（之十二）
　　天变（之十）
　　重见洛特雷阿蒙（之五）
　《全权》（1962年）
　　全权
　《黑岛纪事》（1964年）
　　诗
　　浪中独白
　　树林里的猎人
　　夜
　　冬天之约（之三）
　　记忆
　　最后，没有人了
　《沙上的屋子》（1966年）
　　名字
　《船歌》（1967年）
　　舟子曲终
　《日之手》（1968年）
　　告别
　《世界末日》（1969年）
　　永远在诞生
　　处境
　《海与钟》（1973年）
　　开始
　　归来
　《孤独的玫瑰》（1973年）
　　Ⅴ岛
　　ⅩⅥ人
　　ⅩⅧ人
　　ⅩⅩⅡ岛
　　ⅩⅩⅣ岛
诗人自述
　诗歌不会徒劳地吟唱（诺贝尔文学奖获奖致辞节选）
　写诗是一门手艺（聂鲁达自传节选一）
　批评与自我批评（聂鲁达自传节选二）
　与丽达·吉尔波特的谈话
他人忆述
　加西亚·洛尔卡：在马德里哲学与语言学校介绍聂鲁达
　尼古拉斯·纪廉：聂鲁达这个人
　“梦游人的双眼会长久地注视着我们”——奥克塔维奥·帕斯谈聂鲁达
　加西亚·马尔克斯：回忆聂鲁达
　胡利奥·科塔萨尔：聂鲁达在我们中间
　路·阿·曼西利亚：我十二次采访聂鲁达
评论
　路易斯·罗萨雷斯：聂鲁达的诗歌技巧
　费尔南多·阿莱格里亚：聂鲁达的诗歌漫谈
　诗评选摘
附录
　聂鲁达年表
　聂鲁达主要作品目录

书摘插图

《大地上的居所》（1925-1947年）
　　惟有死亡
有许多孤零零的墓地，
　　坟里无言的白骨累累，
　　心穿过地道，
　　黑暗，黑暗，黑暗，
　　像海难船，我们从外向内死亡，
　　像窒息于心中，
　　像由皮肤下陷至灵魂。
　　有许多尸骸，
　　有许多冰冷潮湿的石脚，
　　有骨头里的死亡，
　　像纯粹的声音，
　　像无犬的吠声，
　　来自某些钟某些冢，
　　从湿气冒出的泪或雨。
　　有时，我独自看见
　　扬帆的棺木
　　载着苍白的死人，载着头发枯死的妇女，
　　雪白如天使的面包师，
　　下嫁证官的多愁思的女郎，
　　棺木溯垂直的死河，
　　紫色的河，
　　溯向源头，帆涨满死亡的声音，
　　涨满死亡静默的声音。
　　死亡靠近响声
　　像无脚的鞋，像无身的衣裳，
　　它敲门的指环不镶宝石，也没有手指，
　　它呼喊却无口无舌无喉。
　　然而它的脚步发出声音，
　　它的衣裳发出声音，像哑的树，
　　我不知道，我不认识，我几乎看不见，
　　但我相信它的歌有湿紫罗兰的颜色，
　　熟识大地的紫罗兰，
　　因为死亡的脸呈青色，
　　死亡的目光呈青色，
　　带着紫罗兰叶子刺鼻的湿气，
　　和严冬的阴沉色调。
　　然而死亡也穿戴着扫帚在世上行走，
　　舐着地面搜索死人，
　　死亡在扫帚里，
　　是死亡的舌头在找寻尸骸，
　　是死亡的针在找寻线。
　　死亡在婴儿床上：
　　在懒洋洋的垫褥里，在黑毯子里，
　　活着伸展着，猛然吹气：
　　吹出暧昧的声音鼓起床单，
　　有许多床驶向一个港湾，
　　死亡在那儿等着，穿着海军司令的制服。

Unravelling the mystery of Pablo Neruda's death

Pablo Neruda's family insists he died of prostate cancer in 1973

The remains of Chile's Nobel Prize-winning poet Pablo Neruda are being exhumed on Monday in a bid to determine the cause of his death after his assistant alleged he was murdered by Gen Augusto Pinochet's military regime, the BBC's Gideon Long reports from Isla Negra.

Pablo Neruda's bones are interred in the garden of Isla Negra, his beloved beach house on Chile's Pacific coast. He is buried next to his wife and muse, Matilde Urrutia.

“Start Quote

Until the day I die I will not alter my story - Neruda was murdered”

Manuel Araya Pablo Neruda's personal assistant

The poet died aged 69 on 23 September 1973, just 12 days after Gen Pinochet's military coup.

His death certificate says he died of prostate cancer, a view widely accepted for nearly four decades.
But his former personal assistant Manuel Araya says the poet was given a lethal injection in hospital.
Mr Araya says Neruda, a communist, was about to go into exile in Mexico from where he planned to lead the global opposition to the military dictatorship in his homeland.
"Until the day I die I will not alter my story," Mr Araya told the BBC.
"Neruda was murdered. They didn't want Neruda to leave the country so they killed him."

Cancer or poison?
Mr Araya's allegations have been taken seriously. Following an investigation, a judge decided there were sufficient grounds to warrant the poet's exhumation.
The forensic experts who are examining Neruda's remains say they will search for two things above all.
Firstly, they will look for evidence of cancer in the poet's bones. That would suggest the disease was at an advanced stage, and would support - although not prove - the theory that it caused his death.
Secondly, they will look for signs of toxins, the discovery of which would lend weight to Mr Araya's claims.
It will not be easy.

TIMELINE 1973

11 Sept: Gen Pinochet heads a military coup against the Socialist government of Salvador Allende, who commits suicide in the presidential palace rather than surrender.
14 Sept: Chilean soldiers search Neruda's house. He reportedly tells them: "There is only one thing here that poses a danger to you: poetry."
16 Sept: Gen Pinochet denies rumours of Neruda's death.
19 Sept: Neruda taken to hospital in Santiago.
20 Sept: Mexican government offers Neruda exile.
23 Sept: Neruda dies after reportedly saying he had been given a mysterious injection while sleeping.

Nearly 40 years have passed since Neruda died and his organs and soft tissue have long since decomposed.

"The passage of time makes our job difficult," said Dr Patricio Bustos, director of Chile's Medical Legal Service, a state body overseeing the exhumation and examinations.
"But on the other hand there have been technological advances over the past 30 or 40 years that can help us."
Forensic dentist and anthropologist Claudia Garrido-Varas says that even though 40 years have passed, there are still things that can be found in the remains through toxicological analysis.
"If poison was used it would depend on the type of poison, the amount used and the number of doses administered."

Pablo Neruda, seen here on a visit to the BBC's Latin American service in 1965, was fiercely critical of the military

No traces The job of the forensics team has been made more difficult by an absence of medical records from the hospitals where Neruda was treated.
He died in the Santa Maria hospital in the capital, Santiago.
According to newspaper reports from the time, the hospital issued a medical bulletin stating he died of heart failure.
But the hospital says no record of that bulletin remains, and the poet's death certificate makes no mention of heart failure.
A few months before Mr Neruda died, the Chilean media reported that he underwent surgery at another Santiago hospital.
But officials at that hospital say there is no record of that, either.
The judge investigating Neruda's death has even sought medical records in France, where the poet was treated in the early 1970s while serving as Chile's ambassador in Paris.
Nothing has been found.
Mr Araya and the Chilean Communist Party say the absence of such records is deeply suspicious, particularly given Neruda's stature as a Nobel Prize winner and senior diplomat.
Mystery injection
Despite the passage of time, Mr Araya says he remembers clearly what happened in the days after the military coup.

Mr Araya says Pablo Neruda told him he had been given an injection

He says Neruda was admitted to hospital on 19 September 1973, and was due to fly to Mexico on 24 September.
"On the morning of 23 September, Matilde and I went back to Isla Negra to collect some of his belongings," he recalls.
"While we were there we received a phone call from Neruda in the clinic.
"He said 'Come back here quickly! While I was sleeping a doctor came in and gave me an injection in the stomach.'"
Mr Araya says he and Matilde drove back to Santiago immediately. "Neruda died at around 2230 that evening," he remembers.
Matilde Urrutia died in 1985. She always denied her husband died of cancer but never publicly alleged he was murdered.
The Pablo Neruda Foundation, which oversees the poet's estate, insists he died of cancer but says it will cooperate with the exhumation and tests.
Murky history
It would be easy to dismiss the murder allegations as implausible were it not for Chile's recent history.
In 2009, six people were charged in connection with the death of former Chilean president Eduardo Frei Montalva.
Mr Frei Montalva was treated in the same hospital where Neruda died. There, Mr Frei Montalva received routine surgery in 1981, at the height of Gen Pinochet's military rule.
He never came out alive.
An investigating judge ruled he was poisoned with thallium and mustard gas.
In December 2010, the remains of former Interior Minister Jose Toha were exhumed as part of an investigation into his death in 1974.
The military said he had committed suicide by hanging himself in a hospital wardrobe. But in October of last year an investigating judge concluded he was strangled.
It will be several months yet before the forensics experts reach their conclusions about how Neruda died.
Given the poet's standing as one of the great figures of Latin American literature, those conclusions are likely to resonate around the world.

人和書 ( Men and Books)

2013年5月1日星期三

Disturbing Pablo Neruda’s Rest/ LARYNX, Confieso Que He Vivido 1974/ 《聶魯達集》/Pablo Neruda 詩與頌/Neruda: An Intimate Biography

觀點

聶魯達長眠，詩歌卻永生

伊蘭·斯塔文斯 2013年04月27日

Op-Ed Contributor

Disturbing Pablo Neruda’s Rest

By ILAN STAVANS April 27, 2013

Pablo Neruda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Neruda: An Intimate Biography

编辑推荐

内容简介

目录

书摘插图

Unravelling the mystery of Pablo Neruda's death

“Start Quote

TIMELINE 1973

More on This Story

Related Stories

沒有留言:

張貼留言

2013年5月1日 星期三

Disturbing Pablo Neruda’s Rest/ LARYNX, Confieso Que He Vivido 1974/ 《聶魯達集 》/Pablo Neruda 詩與頌/Neruda: An Intimate Biography

觀點

聶魯達長眠，詩歌卻永生

伊蘭·斯塔文斯 2013年04月27日

Op-Ed Contributor

Disturbing Pablo Neruda’s Rest

By ILAN STAVANS April 27, 2013

Pablo Neruda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Neruda: An Intimate Biography

编辑推荐

内容简介

目录

书摘插图

Unravelling the mystery of Pablo Neruda's death

Related Stories

“Start Quote

TIMELINE 1973

More on This Story

Related Stories

沒有留言:

張貼留言

2013年5月1日星期三

Disturbing Pablo Neruda’s Rest/ LARYNX, Confieso Que He Vivido 1974/ 《聶魯達集》/Pablo Neruda 詩與頌/Neruda: An Intimate Biography