2014年8月21日 星期四

歐陽泰(Tonio Andrade):《1661,決戰熱蘭遮》 Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China’s First Great Victory over the West Tonio Andrade

http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9525.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjNmIf0XwI4 書籍預告片

"Lost Colony" (Tonio Andrade) Book Trailer

bookjacket

Lost Colony:
The Untold Story of China’s First Great Victory over the West
Tonio Andrade

Paperback | 2013 | $24.95 / £16.95 | ISBN: 9780691159577
448 pp. | 6 x 9 | 9 halftones. 6 line illus. 10 maps.
Google full text of this book:
During the seventeenth century, Holland created the world's most dynamic colonial empire, outcompeting the British and capturing Spanish and Portuguese colonies. Yet, in the Sino-Dutch War--Europe's first war with China--the Dutch met their match in a colorful Chinese warlord named Koxinga. Part samurai, part pirate, he led his generals to victory over the Dutch and captured one of their largest and richest colonies--Taiwan. How did he do it? Examining the strengths and weaknesses of European and Chinese military techniques during the period, Lost Colony provides a balanced new perspective on long-held assumptions about Western power, Chinese might, and the nature of war.
It has traditionally been asserted that Europeans of the era possessed more advanced science, technology, and political structures than their Eastern counterparts, but historians have recently contested this view, arguing that many parts of Asia developed on pace with Europe until 1800. While Lost Colony shows that the Dutch did indeed possess a technological edge thanks to the Renaissance fort and the broadside sailing ship, that edge was neutralized by the formidable Chinese military leadership. Thanks to a rich heritage of ancient war wisdom, Koxinga and his generals outfoxed the Dutch at every turn.
Exploring a period when the military balance between Europe and China was closer than at any other point in modern history, Lost Colony reassesses an important chapter in world history and offers valuable and surprising lessons for contemporary times.

Tonio Andrade is professor of history at Emory University. He is the author of How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century.

Review:
"In this page-turning historical narrative, Andrade chronicles the 1661-62 battle for Taiwan in what is often seen as the first modern conflict between an Eastern and Western power. While historians have traditionally viewed Europeans then as more advanced in science, technology, and political infrastructures than their Eastern counterparts, Andrade reveals that Chinese warfare tactics based on ancient texts and military philosophy, built up over a millennia of a rich cultural heritage, actually allowed for the enigmatic leader Koxinga and his Chinese generals to neutralize any European superiority in weaponry and defeat the Dutch and thus the Dutch East India Company's hold on Taiwan. . . . For the global and military history enthusiast, this book is exceptionally insightful about the early-modern history of European contact in Asia."--Library Journal

"Tonio Andrade succeeds brilliantly not only in writing good history but in telling a gripping story. If you read only one book on Chinese history this year . . . make it this one."--Timothy Brook, Literary Review
"A most interesting, very well-written and highly important account of the Dutch loss of Taiwan that is deliberately located in terms of the debate over Western military proficiency vis-á-vis that of China. The book offers much."--Jeremy Black,European Review of History

"[The Lost Colony] could easily pass for an exciting historical novel. Andrade spins a gripping tale, full of excellent anecdotes and insights . . . well written with a wealth of details that are well documented."--Gerrit van der Wees, Taipei Times
"Lost Colony proves to be a good read as Andrade turns that would seem like a minor footnote in history into a stirring and insightful account of military campaigns, pirates, sieges, treachery, and naval battles."--Hilton Yip, Asian Review of Books

Table of Contents:
Illustrations ix
Dramatis Personae xi
Preamble
An Execution 3
ONE
Destinies Entwined 21
Pirate War 34
War Is the Art of Deception 45
The Wrath of Heaven 54
The Samurai 60
The General 68
The Sea King 82
Heaven Has Not Tired of Chaos on Earth 99
TWO
An Extreme and Terrifying Storm 111
A Foggy Morning 117
Koxinga’s Victories 124
Parleys and Capitulations 137
The Castle 152
An Assault 165
A Summer of Misery 181
Relief from the Sea 194
THREE
The Fleet 207
A Foolish Attack 218
The Defectors 227
Koxinga Closes In 239
The Accidental Embassy 250
Acrimony 269
The Last Battle 278
Surrender 290
A Mad Death 298
CLOSING
Epilogues and Conclusions 307
Acknowledgments 331
Notes 335
References 399
Index 423


http://bit.ly/1moHI4k

風中物語:鄭成功打下台灣的啟示

亓樂義 2014年08月21日 13:36
風中物語:鄭成功打下台灣的啟示
學者歐陽泰史料考察當年鄭成功火力不遜荷蘭。
鄭成功是如何從統治台灣38年的荷蘭人手中奪下台灣,最初的說法是以武力擊退荷蘭人,歷史也是這麼認定的。之後有研究顯示,鄭成功對台灣實施經濟封鎖是導致荷蘭人潰敗的主因。直到最近又有新的見解。

知名漢學史家史景遷(Jonathan Spence)的弟子耶魯大學歷史學博士歐陽泰(Tonio Andrade),最近在他的力作《1661,決戰熱蘭遮》(熱遮攔城,今安平古堡)中詳盡敍述這段歷史。他旁徵博引,指出鄭成功當時所代表的明末時期,在軍事技術上確實不凡,如火砲和槍械的性能並不遜於當時的歐洲強權荷蘭。

歐陽泰還發現,一直被認為16世紀末出現於歐洲的排槍射擊法,在1387的明朝文獻中早有記載。鄭成功充分掌握這種火槍齊射的技術,他在南澳島基地訓練的私家軍隊號稱鐵人,戰力遠在明末正規軍之上。在軍紀和訓練上,鄭成功的軍隊也絲毫不輸於荷蘭。

從大量歷史文獻中,歐陽泰歸納出一個結論,即「軍事革命」並非當時歐洲殖民列強所獨有,在中國也有同樣的變化。1661年的中荷之戰,被一些史家形容為中國與西方的第一次武力交鋒,雙方僵持近9個月,最後鄭成功佔領制高點烏特勒支堡(Utrecht),火砲居高臨下,熱蘭遮城的荷蘭守軍士氣潰散被迫出城投降而結束這場歷史交鋒。

鄭成功打贏這千古一仗。歐陽泰則進一步發現,荷蘭人在船隻性能和堡壘防禦等方面明顯優於中國,東西方的軍事科技差距開始拉開。荷蘭戰船不僅在火力上勝於鄭氏戰船,逆風航速也很驚人,鄭成功完全沒想到,荷蘭的求援船隻在風向不利的情況下,竟能快速駛往荷屬東印度公司總部巴達威亞(Batavia,今雅加達)調兵馳援。當時漢儒郁永河在《裨海遊紀》中評價荷蘭艦船,「為帆如蛛網盤旋,八面受風,無往不順。」

既然荷蘭船艦有如此優勢,何以敗於鄭成功?或說荷蘭只派700名援兵,為何這麼不看重台海局勢?

這就和鄭成功所採取的經濟封鎖有關。當時鄭成功擁有近60艘船艦,掌握東南亞到日本長崎一帶的海上貿易,並在廈門駐軍,也控制台灣海峽兩岸的通商貿易,
稅收豐厚,得以養兵抗清。

鄭成功起初不是要對付佔據台灣的荷蘭人,而是針對襲擊鄭氏船隊在馬尼拉殖民的西班牙人。鄭成功希望荷蘭人聯手對付西班牙,並終止台灣和馬尼拉之間的航線與貿易,荷蘭人拒絕,雙方開始有局部衝突。1656年鄭成功最後以「百日期限」的釜底抽薪之策,要求百日之內在台灣的漢人與大陸做生意,禁止運載荷蘭商品(如丁香、胡椒、鉛、錫等),期限一到,往返船隻一律返回大陸,不能停靠台灣,否則殺頭,船貨充公。

這一招使漢人貿易商不得不從台灣撤回大陸,兩岸貿易蕭條。戰事緊急,僅僅派出700名援兵,說明在雅加達的荷蘭總部認為台灣不具經濟價值,無須費力。當然,台灣荷蘭長官揆一(Frederick Coyett)未能利用船艦優勢進行反封鎖,反而採取正面迎敵的錯誤戰略,也是荷蘭敗走的主因之一。

鄭成功趕跑荷蘭人,說明一個國家的經濟僅靠單一市場的脆弱性,對於今天的台灣來說,也是深具啟發。

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