On Metaphor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor



大部分的書都有中譯了.....

• Paul Ricoeur (1975). The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning in Language, trans. Robert Czerny with Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello, S. J., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1978. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press1977)

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• Jakobson, Roman (1990). "Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances". In Linda Waugh and Monique Monville-Burston (ed.). On Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 115–133. ISBN 0-674-63536-1.

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• Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By (IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980), Chapters 1–3. (pp. 3–13).
• Lakoff, George (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46801-1..

Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1999) greatly contributed to establishing the importance of conceptual metaphor as a framework for thinking in language. In recent years many^[quantify] scholars have investigated the original ways in which writers use novel metaphors and question the fundamental frameworks of thinking implicit in conceptual metaphors.





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The word’s oldest meaning is “Of, relating to, or of the nature of a letter, or the letters, of the alphabet”. It is only by extension that “by the letter” has come to mean “real things in the real world.” And that jump makes literally—are you sitting down?—a metaphor

It is literally impossible to be literal

Almost everything is a metaphor, even the word "literally"

ECON.ST