2022年2月4日 星期五

The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas By Gertrude Stein, 1874-1946《花街二十七號》 The shocking memoir of the 'lost generation'


On what would have been Gertrude Stein’s birthday, we look back on her game-changing memoir, The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas.



The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas By Gertrude Stein 

https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0608711.txt


花街二十七號：文壇教母葛楚‧史坦、愛麗絲與畢卡索、海明威、懷海德的巴黎歲月

The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas


這裡是天才冒險的起點、創作者造夢的樂園；
未成名作家拜見文藝前輩的起點，成名藝術家爭吵結怨不相往來的終點
文壇教母葛楚‧史坦明星光環最強大的半自傳書寫
大師馬諦斯、畢卡索、海明威、費茲傑羅永難忘懷的新手時代


=本書特色＝
★海明威《流動的饗宴》專章討論的藝文聖地
★伍迪‧艾倫電影《午夜巴黎》文藝沙龍現場還原
★權威媒體Modern Library、《衛報》百大選書
★東華大學英美語文學系教授郭強生專文導讀
★全球中文版獨家附錄：葛楚‧史坦的巴黎文學地圖、葛楚‧史坦與名人好友的照片、葛楚‧史坦生平大事記

＝內容簡介＝

巴黎左岸最壯麗的藝文風景
她是創作者期盼的文學同伴、中肯的反對黨、指引風潮的先行者

海明威在《流動的饗宴》記錄她的知名沙龍，伍迪‧艾倫在電影《午夜巴黎》還原文藝人士往來的場景──這裡是巴黎「花街二十七號」，也是葛楚‧史坦與愛麗絲．B．托克勒斯的家。

葛楚‧史坦寫作、收藏畫作，說過海明威是「失落的一代」，還有一句「玫瑰就是玫瑰就是玫瑰就是玫瑰」的名言。在本書，她相守四十年的伴侶愛麗絲寫道：一生只遇過三位天才，就是葛楚‧史坦、畢卡索與懷海德。

畢卡索、馬諦斯、海明威、盧梭、紀堯姆……這些後世看來高不可攀的大師，都相繼湧入「花街二十七號」，看葛楚‧史坦收藏的畫、聽她評論別人的畫，和愛麗絲聊聊天、抱怨生活、抱怨女人，哀嘆評論家沒有眼光，順道白吃一頓美味晚餐。這裡是所有未成名作家拜見文藝前輩的起點，成名藝術家爭吵結怨不相往來的終點。海明威曾在《流動的饗宴》如此描寫：「那裡就像是頂尖美術館裡最棒的陳列室，有座大壁爐，非常溫暖舒適，她們提供美味的食物和茶，以及用紫李、黃李，或野生覆盆子製成的酒。氣味芬芳、無色的酒裝在雕花玻璃壺中倒進小玻璃杯待客，無論是大馬士革李酒、黃香李酒，還是覆盆子酒，嘗起來都帶有果實的味道，在舌上轉化為克制的火，溫暖你的身體，打開了你的話匣子。」
　
葛楚．史坦成為推動二十世紀藝術文化的重要力量，她是所有創作者的朋友，也是鞭策他們的前輩，更是文學與藝術流派前進的推手。她化身伴侶愛麗絲寫下本書，記錄了大師的創作路：花街二十七號是創作者的家，也是天才啟發天才、創作者相伴作夢的樂園，盛大的文藝風景即將由此誕生。

＝文壇教母給下一代青年的文藝備忘錄＝
1某天葛楚‧史坦對海明威說，聽我說，你說你和你太太兩人有一點錢，如果平靜度日，靠那筆錢是足以維生。她說，嗯，那就這麼做吧。假如繼續做報社的工作，你將永遠看不到周遭的事物，只會看到文字，那樣是不行的，當然前提是如果你想成為作家的話。

2葛楚‧史坦從不糾正任何人寫作的細節，她緊守一般原則，了解作家選擇觀察的事物，以及他們眼中所見與寫下的記述之間的關係。她強調，當觀察得不夠完整，文字就會平淡，這是非常簡單的道理，不會有錯。

3每當年輕畫家抱怨葛楚‧史坦改變對他們作品的看法，她總是說，不是我改變對畫的見解，而是畫消失在牆內，我再也看不見，之後那些畫就自然被淘汰了。

4葛楚‧史坦已受夠了讚頌與騷動。按照她的解釋，倒不是嫌讚頌過多，畢竟，她一向主張，沒有藝術家需要批評，只需要賞識。假如需要批評，就不是藝術家。

5葛楚‧史坦幾乎每天下午都會去蒙馬特，擺姿勢，再漫步下山，通常會穿越巴黎，走回花街。她那時養成在巴黎四處走動的習慣，始終如一，現在有狗陪伴，但當時是獨自一個人走。到週六晚上，畢卡索他們會陪她走回家用餐，展開週六的夜晚。在漫長的擺姿勢與散步期間，葛楚‧史坦會思索並創作句子。

6如今大家或許會覺得很奇怪，在此之前馬諦斯居然從未聽說過畢卡索，而畢卡索也不曾見過馬諦斯。但在當時每個小群體都各過各的，對其他群體幾乎一無所知。馬諦斯的生活範圍在聖米歇爾碼頭和獨立沙龍，他完全不知道畢卡索、蒙馬特和薩戈。

7葛楚‧史坦的讀者都是作家、大學生、圖書館管理員和年輕人，他們都沒什麼錢。葛楚‧史坦想要的是讀者，而不是收藏家。不過她的作品時常違背她的意願，成為收藏家的書。他們付高價購買《柔軟鈕釦》和《在庫洛尼亞別墅的馬貝兒‧道奇肖像》，葛楚‧史坦並不高興，她希望別人閱讀她的書，而不是收藏。

8我記得非常清楚，那天下午我對海明威的第一印象。他是個英俊非凡的青年，二十三歲。不久之後，每個人都是二十六歲，這是個崇尚二十六歲的時代。接下來兩、三年間，所有年輕人都說自己二十六歲。顯然對當時當地來說，這個年紀恰到好處。有一、兩位小於二十歲，例如喬治‧萊恩斯，但是如葛楚‧史坦認真向他們解釋的，他們不算數。這個時期所有年輕人都是二十六歲。很久以後，則是二十一、二十二歲。
 

作者介紹

作者簡介

葛楚‧史坦Gertrude Stein
美國作家與詩人，一八七四年出生於賓州，年幼時舉家遷到歐洲，旅居維也納和巴黎，後回到美國，定居加州舊金山。一八九二年因父母相繼過世，葛楚和姊姊搬到巴爾的摩與親戚同住，不久便進入瑞克里夫學院就讀，畢業後又進入約翰•霍普金斯醫學院就讀。一九○二年，葛楚先去佛羅倫斯找哥哥，一九○三年兩人定居巴黎，就此展開她在巴黎與藝文圈的緊密連繫。

定居巴黎期間，葛楚‧史坦與哥哥購買了高更、塞尚、雷諾瓦、畢卡索與馬諦斯的作品，也因此結識不少畫家、收藏家；畢卡索並畫下她的肖像。葛楚‧史坦自己也寫作，她的住所「花街27號」吸引了知名創作者聚集，每週六晚間成為藝術家、批評家、書店老闆、作家的固定聚會場所。

一九○七年，愛麗絲．B．托克勒斯（Alice B. Toklas，1877-1967）來到巴黎，她與葛楚‧史坦結識，此後相守一生，兩人的故事多次改編為戲劇上演。愛麗絲也寫作，包括法式料理書《愛麗絲的食譜》（The Alice B. Toklas Cook Book）、自傳《 What Is Remembered》。本書即是葛楚‧史坦以愛麗絲的口吻，記錄她們在歐洲生活的經歷。

葛楚與愛麗絲於一次大戰期間加入美國援助法國傷兵基金會，並到佩皮尼昂與尼姆的醫院服務，此後兩人還成立了出版社。透過美國小說家舍伍德的介紹，葛楚與海明威相識，名句「失落的一代」大為流傳。海明威在《流動的饗宴》一書，清楚的描繪了花街27號的氛圍，以及他眼中的葛楚．史坦：「她的性格中有種特質：倘若她想爭取某人的支持，那麼誰也抗拒不了，那些認識她且見過她藏畫的評論家儘管看不懂，卻毫無保留地信賴她的作品，正是因為他們對她這個人的熱愛，因為他們信任她的判斷力。」

葛楚‧史坦創作領域包括小說、詩、劇本等，著作包括《三個女人的一生》（Three Lives）、《美國人的形成》（The Making of Americans）、《地理與劇本》（Geography and Plays）、《我所見過的戰爭》（Wars I Have Seen）等多部作品，她最有名的詩句是「玫瑰就是玫瑰就是玫瑰就是玫瑰」。


譯者簡介

黃意然
台灣大學外文系學士、美國明尼蘇達大學新聞傳播學系碩士。在竹科IC設計公司當了七年的PM後，決定投回藝文的懷抱，喜歡看小說、電影，熱愛旅行和美食，現為專職譯者，近期譯作有《長腿叔叔》、《彼得潘》、《寫給未來的日記》、《愛的故事》、《萊可校長的女學生》等。
 

目錄

導讀　孤獨而浪漫的水仙倒影／郭強生

一　舊金山大火
二　抵達巴黎：花街二十七號
三　沒沒無聞的藝術家們：葛楚．史坦在巴黎一九０三－一九０七
四　葛楚與巴黎相遇之前
五　黃金時代的花都：一九０七－一九一四
六　小福特車「阿姨」：戰爭時期
七　巴黎變了：戰後一九一九－一九三二

葛楚．史坦生平大事記
葛楚．史坦的巴黎地圖


Gertrude Stein, 1874-1946：《愛麗絲‧B‧托克勒斯的自傳》(The Autobiography of Alice B.Toklas)

Leonard Bernstein
Gertrude Stein, the great American writer, was born on February 3, 1874. The seventh movement of Leonard Bernstein's Songfest, "Storyette H.M.", is set to text by Gertrude Stein.
Bernstein archivist, Jack Gottlieb, wrote of the song: "The initials specifically refer to the painter Henri Matisse, but the story, in general, refers to impossible marriages. Musically, it is delivered as a deadpan duet with a perpetuo moto accompaniment, both of which mirror the poet's distinctive manner."
We share with you a recording of Bernstein conducting the National Symphony Orchestra with soprano Clamma Dale and bass Donald Gramm.
The 1977 Deutsche Grammophon recording was made two months following the work’s premiere by Bernstein and the NSO at The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.



Bernstein: Songfest - VII. Storyette H.M. / Bernstein · National Symphony Orchestra
Leonard Bernstein: Songfest - Three Ensembles VII. Duet: Storyette H.M. (Gertrude Stein) /…
YOUTUBE.COM


STORYETTE H.M. (Gertrude Stein, 1874- 1946): The initials specifically refer to the painter Henri Matisse, but the story, in general, refers to impossible marriages. Musically, it is delivered as a deadpan duet with aperpetuo moto accompaniment, both of which mirror the poet's distinctive manner.
https://leonardbernstein.com/works/view/61/songfest


Gertrude Stein is known for her trail-blazing modernist writing ("A rose is a rose is a rose"), but was also a keen patron of the arts. She championed the career of Picasso, and when she died—on July 27th 1946—she left the portrait he painted of her to the Met, as the image by which she wanted to be remembered



Gertrude Stein was an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector. Born in the Allegheny West neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and raised in Oakland, California, Stein moved to Paris ... Wikipedia
Born: February 3, 1874, Allegheny, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Died: July 27, 1946, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Partner: Alice Babette Toklas; 1907–1946 (Stein's death)
Movies: Paris Was a Woman
Quotes
Everybody gets so much information all day long that they lose their common sense.
It takes a lot of time to be a genius, you have to sit around so much doing nothing, really doing nothing.
We are always the same age inside.



Gertrude Stein died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France on this day in 1946 (aged 72).
“A little artist has all the tragic unhappiness and the sorrows of a great artist and he is not a great artist.”
―from THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ALICE B. TOKLAS
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ALICE B. TOKLAS was written in 1933 by Gertrude Stein in the guise of an autobiography authored by Alice B. Toklas, who was her lover. It is a fascinating insight into the art scene in Paris as the couple were friends with Paul Cézanne, Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso. They begin the war years in England but return to France, volunteering for the American Fund for the French Wounded, driving around France, helping the wounded and homeless. After the war Gertrude has an argument with T. S. Eliot after he finds one of her writings inappropriate. They become friends with Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway. It was written to make money and was indeed a commercial success. However, it attracted criticism, especially from those who appeared in the book and didn't like the way they were depicted.


Gertrude Stein
美國文壇大師史坦因(Gertrude Stein)1933年出版的《愛麗絲‧B‧托克勒斯的自傳》(The Autobiography of Alice B.Toklas)，即是她用同志愛人愛麗絲的角度，敘述自己在巴黎的生活。

美國女作家葛楚斯坦（Gertrude Stein, 1874-1946）1933年出版的《愛麗絲‧B‧托克勒斯的自傳》(The Autobiography of Alice B.Toklas)中寫到：當她在重度昏迷時曾一度甦醒過來，並詢問伴侶愛麗斯‧托克勒斯，「愛麗斯，愛麗 斯，答案是什麼？」伴侶回答：「沒有答案。」葛楚斯坦繼續說：「嗯，那問題是什麼？」說完這句話後便離開人世……

  • Gertrude Stein, Gradually Readings from Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, Bee Time Vine, and more. Includes excerpts from Patriarchal Poetry.
傳奇戀人的視角
《愛麗絲．B．托克勒斯的自傳》（The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas），葛楚．史坦（Gertrude Stein）

◎耿一偉
這是一位傳奇的女子，她有傳奇的一生，在她身邊也全都是傳奇人物。一九○三年，家境富裕的葛楚．史坦（Gertrude Stein），自約翰霍普金斯醫學院逃到巴黎投靠她哥哥。喜歡藝術與文學的史坦，立即成為那些尚未成名的偉大畫家的贊助者，畢卡索、馬蒂斯等人都曾是她的 食客……她並開始買畫，第一幅就是馬蒂斯的《戴帽子的女人》。

單是有錢並不足製造傳奇，葛楚．史坦的立體派散文詩集《柔軟鈕扣》（Tender buttons,1914），讓她成為二十世紀上半葉美國文學史不能不提的人物，許多美國人都慕名來拜訪這位傳說中的「達達之母」（Mama of Dada）。她曾對海明威說：「你們是失落的一代（lost generation）。」於是該詞就成為海明威第一部長篇小說《旭日依舊東昇》（The Sun Also Rises）的扉頁題詞。

一九三三年出版的《愛麗絲．B．托克勒斯的自傳》（The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas），實際上是以史坦的女友愛麗絲（Alice B. Toklas）的虛構視角，來描繪她自己在巴黎三十年來見聞的軼事與社交生活。本書在當年即是暢銷書，近年亦入選藍燈書局的二十世紀百大英文非小說，《愛麗絲．B．托克勒斯的自傳》不僅是同性戀文學的經典，也是一個傳奇時代的傳奇紀錄。

畢卡索於一九○六年所繪的巨幅葛楚．史坦肖像中，坐在文藝復興大椅上的她簡直就是女王。史坦於一九四七年過世之後，終身伴侶愛麗絲曾於一九五四年出版過一本《愛麗絲．B．托克勒斯食譜》（The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook），將她款待藝術家饕客的祕訣分享大眾，我們才算在觥杯交錯的宴席間聽到一點點愛麗絲真正的聲音。


Stein, Gertrude, 1874-1946



Summary

Alice B. Toklas, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1949

Before I came to Paris

Alice B. Toklas, as narrator of the work, says she was born into an affluent family in San Francisco. Later she met Gertrude Stein's mother during the San Francisco fires and finally decided to move to Paris in 1907.

My Arrival in Paris

Alice talks about the important role of Helene, Gertrude's housemaid, in their household in Paris. She mentions preparations for an art exhibition. She discusses Picasso and his mistress Fernande. The couple break up and Fernande moves to Montparnasse to teach French. Alice and Gertrude visit her there.

Gertrude Stein in Paris, 1903-1907

Alice tells of Gertrude and her brother Leo Stein buying paintings by Paul Cézanne and Henri Matisse from Ambroise Vollard. They subsequently all become friends. She next discusses spending the summer with Gertrude in Fiesole while Picasso goes to Spain. Back in France, Gertrude falls out with Guillaume Apollinaire. Later, Picasso has an argument with Matisse.

Gertrude Stein before she came to Paris

Alice tells how Gertrude Stein was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, then moved to Vienna, Passy, and finally New York City and California. She attended Radcliffe College, where she was taught by William James. She decided to study for a Master's degree at Johns Hopkins University but dropped out because she was bored, then moved to London and was bored there too, returned to America, and eventually settled in Paris.

1907-1914

Alice tells stories about Matisse, Apollinaire, and many other Cubist artists. She recounts holidays in Italy and Spain with Gertrude. Finally, they move to England on the eve of the First World War to meet with Gertrude's editor, leaving Mildred Aldrich alone in Paris.

The War

Gertrude and Alice begin the war years in England, then go briefly to France to rescue Gertrude's writings. They then live in Spain for a while and eventually move back to France. There, they do volunteer work for the American Fund for the French Wounded driving around France to help the wounded and homeless. By the end of the war, Paris seems changed.

After the War, 1919-1932

Alice tells of Gertrude's argument with T. S. Eliot after he finds one of her writings inappropriate. She talks about her friendship with Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway, who helped with the publication of The Making of Americans. They the couple make friends with a coterie of Russian artists, but they constitute no artistic movement. Later, Gertrude gives a lecture at Oxford University. Alice then mentions more parties with artists. Later, they abridge The Making of Americans to four hundred pages for commercial reasons and devise the idea of authoring an autobiography.

Literary significance and criticism

Gertrude Stein admitted to writing the work in six weeks with an end to making money.[1] However, she did not like writing it for that particular reason, and Alice didn't think it would be a success.[2]
It was the first of her writings to be published in the Atlantic Monthly, much to her joy. The magazine published sixty per cent of the novel, in four installments.[3]
As to her friends, Carl Van Vechten liked it. Henry McBride thought it was too commercial. Ernest Hemingway called it a 'damned pitiful book'. Henri Matisse was offended by the descriptions of his wife. Georges Braque thought Stein had misconstrued Cubism. Leo Stein deemed it a farrago of lies.[4]
The commercial success that came with this book enabled Stein to live a more prosperous lifestyle.[5]
According to Virgil Thomson, who wrote music to libretti authored by Stein, the "book is in every way except actual authorship Alice Toklas's book; it reflects her mind, her language, her private view of Gertrude, also her unique narrative powers. Every story in it is told as Alice herself had always told it....Every story that ever came into the house eventually got told in Alice's way, and this was its definitive version.".[6]

References

  1. ^ Diana Souhami, Gertrude and Alice: Gertrude Stein and Alice B.Toklas, Rivers Oram Press/Pandora List, 20 Feb 1992, 187
  2. ^ Diana Souhami, Gertrude and Alice: Gertrude Stein and Alice B.Toklas, Rivers Oram Press/Pandora List, 20 Feb 1992, 189
  3. ^ Diana Souhami, Gertrude and Alice: Gertrude Stein and Alice B.Toklas, Rivers Oram Press/Pandora List, 20 Feb 1992, 190-191
  4. ^ Diana Souhami, Gertrude and Alice: Gertrude Stein and Alice B.Toklas, Rivers Oram Press/Pandora List, 20 Feb 1992, 192-194
  5. ^ Diana Souhami, Gertrude and Alice: Gertrude Stein and Alice B.Toklas, Rivers Oram Press/Pandora List, 20 Feb 1992, 195
  6. ^ Virgil Thomson, 'A Portrait of Gertrude Stein', An Autobiography of Virgil Thomson, 176-177




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