2017年7月10日 星期一

The Pilgrimage of Sudhana, A Study of Gandavyþha illustrations in China, Japan, and Java By　Jan Fontein


1946/5/10 日記  胡適日記全集:
華嚴經善財童子的故事的教訓
"善男子 汝已發心 欲成就一切智 應決定求真善知識 勿生疲懈
見善知識 勿生厭足
于善知識 所有教誨 皆應隨順"

禪宗之行腳 即是實行此意



T10n0295_001 大方廣佛華嚴經入法界品 第1卷

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Jan Fontein (22 May 1927 – 19 May 2017) was a Dutch art historian and former museum director. From 1966 to 1992 he served as curator of Asiatic art at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Fontein was its director from 1975 to 1987.

Career[edit]

Fontein was born on 22 May 1927 in Naarden.[1] From 1945 to 1953 he studied far eastern languages and Indonesian archaeology at Leiden University. In 1947 Fontein started working as assistant curator at the Museum of Asiatic Art in Amsterdam. In 1955 he became curator of the same museum.[1]
In 1966 Fontein obtained his PhD under Theodoor Paul Galestin at Leiden University, with a dissertation titled: The Pilgrimage of Sudhana, A Study of Gandavyþha illustrations in China, Japan, and Java.[1][2] That same year Fontein moved to the United States, where he became curator of Asian Art at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He was director of the Museum from 1975 to 1987. He laid down his position as curator in 1992. From 1990 to 1996 Fontein was Bishop White Visiting Scholar at the Royal Ontario Museum.[1]
Fontein was elected a correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1967.[3] He was made commander in the Japanese Order of the Sacred Treasure.[2]
Fontein died in Newton Upper Falls on 19 May 2017, aged 89.[4]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Jan Fontein". Dutch Studies on South Asia, Tibet and classical Southeast Asia. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b "IIAS Masterclass: Jan Fontein". IIAS. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  3. Jump up^ "J. Fontein". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016.
  4. Jump up^ Bryan Marquard (28 June 2017). "Jan Fontein, historian of Asian art and former MFA director, dies at 89". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017.

正稱為善才童子，而非時人常誤稱之善「財」童子。

善才（梵文 Sudhanakumâra），與龍女為觀世音菩薩左右脅侍。 形象多示現為年約六歲之童子，身著紅衣，相貌俊秀。

善才童子為《華嚴經·入法界品》之主人公，是修菩薩道行者的光輝榜樣，他發阿耨多羅三藐三菩提心之後， 從文殊菩薩處漸次南行，參訪五十三位善知識，最後修行圓滿、證入法界。

佛堂觀音圖站在觀音菩薩旁之微笑男童，即是善才童子。另側為龍女，又合稱為金童玉女。 後來金童也常比喻一些相貌端正、形象清純的年輕男性。


《西遊記》中，撰寫之牛魔王之子紅孩兒即是取材自五十三參得道的善才童子之形象。

參考資料[編輯]


 Sudhana 
Sudhanakumâra (simplified Chinese: 善财童子; traditional Chinese: 善財童子; pinyin: Shàncáitóngzǐ; Wade–Giles: Shan-ts'ai-t'ung-tzu), mainly known as Sudhana and Shancai or Shancai Tongzi in Chinese, and translated as Child of Wealth, is the protagonist in the next-to-last and longest chapter of the Avatamsaka Sutra. Sudhana appears in Buddhist, Taoist and folk stories; in most of them he is one of the acolytes of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara(Guanyin) and is paired with Longnü (Dragon Girl). He and Longnü being depicted with Guanyin was most likely influenced by the Jade Maiden (Chinese: 玉女; pinyin: Yùnǚ) and Golden Youth (Chinese: 金僮; pinyin: Jīntóng) who both appear in the iconography of the Jade Emperor. A fictionalised account of Sudhana is detailed in the classical novel Journey to the West, where Sudhana is portrayed as a villain, Red Boy, who is eventually subdued by Guanyin and becomes the bodhisattva's attendant.[1]
Gandavyuha Sutra
Sudhana was a youth from India who was seeking enlightenment. At the behest of the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī, Sudhana takes a pilgrimage on his quest for enlightenment and studies under 53 "good friends", those who direct one towards the Way to Enlightenment. The 53 stations of Japan's Tokaido are a metaphor for Sudhana's journey. Avalokitesvara is the 28th spiritual master Sudhana visits at Mount Potalaka. Sudhana's quest reaches it climax at when he meets Maitreya, the Buddha-to-be, who snaps his fingers thereby opening the doors to his marvelous tower. Within the tower, Sudhana experiences all the Dharmadhatu (dimensions or worlds) in a fantastic succession of visions.[2] The final master that he visits is Samantabhadra, who teaches Sudhana that wisdom only exists for the sake of putting it into practice.
The pilgrimage of Sudhana mirrors that of Gautama Buddha and the Gandavyuha Sutra becomes very popular in China during the Song Dynasty when it was adapted and circulated in small amply illustrated booklets, each page dedicated to one of Sudhana's spiritual teachers.
Tale of the Southern Seas
Chapter 18 of the Complete Tale of Guanyin and the Southern Seas (simplified Chinese: 南海观音全撰; traditional Chinese: 南海觀音全撰; pinyin: Nánhǎi Guānyīn Quánzhuàn), a 16th-century Ming Dynasty novel, is the first text that established a connection between Shancai and Guanyin. In the tale, Shancai was a disabled boy from India who was very interested in studying the Buddha's teachings. At that time, Guanyin had just achieved enlightenment and had retired to Mount Putuo. When Shancai heard that there was a bodhisattva on the rocky island of Putuo, he quickly journeyed there to learn from her despite his disability.
An Altar of Guanyin Worship.
Guanyin, after having a discussion with Shancai, decided to test his resolve to fully study the Buddhist dharma. She transformed the trees and plants into sword-wielding pirates, who ran up the hill to attack them. Guanyin took off and dashed to the edge of a cliff and jumped off, with the pirates still in pursuit. Shancai, in his desperation to save Guanyin, jumped off after her.
Shancai and Guanyin managed to reascend the cliff, and at this point, Guanyin asked Shancai to look down. Shancai saw his mortal remains at the foot of the cliff. Guanyin then asked him to walk and Shancai found that he could walk normally and that he was no longer crippled. When he looked into a pool of water, he also discovered that he now had a handsome face. From that day onwards, Guanyin taught Shancai the entire Buddhist dharma. Guanyin and Shancai later encountered the third son of the Dragon King, and in the process, Guanyin earned Longnü (Dragon Girl) as a new acolyte. (see Longnü for how Shancai and Guanyin aided the Dragon King)
Precious Scrolls of Shancai and Longnü
A Yuan Dynasty hanging scroll depicting Shancai (walking on waves), the Filial Parrot (above), Guanyin and Longnü.
The Precious Scroll of Shancai and Longnü (simplified Chinese: 善财龙女宝撰; traditional Chinese: 善財龍女寶撰; pinyin: Shàncái Lóngnǚ Bǎozhuàn), an 18th or 19th century scroll comprising 29 folios, provides a different account on how Shancai and Longnü became the acolytes of Guanyin. This tale seems to have a Taoist origin. The story is set in the Qianfu era of the reign of Emperor Xizong of the Tang Dynasty.
A virtuous minister Chen Bao and his wife Lady Han are still childless when they are getting older. When Chen rejects his wife's recommendation to take a concubine, she suggested that they pray to the bodhisattva Guanyin for help. Guanyin saw that the couple was destined to not have any children, so she ordered a Boy Who Brings Wealth (simplified Chinese: 招财童子; traditional Chinese: 招財僮子; pinyin: Zhāocái Tóngzǐ) to be born into the family. Lady Han soon gave birth to a boy, who was named Chen Lian. She died when his son was only five years old.
As a child, Chen Lian was not interested in civil or military pursuits, but rather, in religious enlightenment, much to his father's disapproval. At the age of seven, his father finally gave in to his pleas and allowed him to study under the tutelage of the Yellow Dragon Immortal (simplified Chinese: 黄龙仙人; traditional Chinese: 黃龍仙人; pinyin: Huánglóng Xiānrén). Chen Lian was renamed to Shancai and became a dutiful apprentice of the immortal. However, he ignored all of his father's requests to visit home during his apprenticeship.
When his father's 60th birthday approached, Shancai was once again asked to go home for a visit. As his master was away, Shancai decided to return home since it was a special occasion. On his way down a mountain path, he heard a voice crying out for help. Upon investigation, he saw that it was a snake trapped in a bottle for the last 18 years. The snake begged Shancai to release her, and after Shancai did so, she revealed her true form as a giant serpent and wanted to eat him. When Shancai protested at the snake's behaviour, she argued that ēn (恩, an act of kindness) should be repaid with a feud, as is the way of nature. However, the snake agreed to bring the case before three judges.
The first judge was the Golden Water Buffalo Star in human form. He agreed with the snake that given her past experiences with humans, she was right to repay Shancai's kindness by devouring him. The Buffalo related how he was forced out of Heaven by the bodhisattva Ksitigarbha into the human world to help humans plough the fields. Ksitigarbha vowed that if the humans did not repay one's kindness by showing kindness in return, his eyes would fall out. As the Buffalo landed face first on Earth, he lost all his upper front teeth. He later suffered greatly, and after years of toiling for his human master, he was butchered and eaten. Because of this, Ksitigarbha's eyes fell out and landed on Earth and transformed into snails, which buffaloes trample on when they plough the fields.
The second judge was the Taoist master Zhuangzi, who also sided with the snake. He cited an incident where he resurrected a dead man, who repaid his kindness by bringing him to court and accusing him of stealing his money.
The third judge was a young girl. The girl told the snake that she could eat her as well if the snake could show them how it was able to fit into the bottle she was released from. As soon as the snake wormed itself back into the bottle, it was trapped. The girl then revealed herself as Guanyin. When the snake begged for mercy, Guanyin told her that if she wanted to be saved she must engage in religious exercises in the Grotto of the Sounds of the Flood (present-day Fayu Temple) on Mount Putuo. Around this time, Guanyin also gained a new disciple, the Filial Parrot.
Three years later, when Guanyin returned to Mount Putuo, she appeared to Shancai in the middle of the ocean. Shancai joined her in walking across the sea and became her acolyte. With the confirmation of his faith, Shancai's parents were reborn in Heaven. As for the snake, she committed herself to seven years of austerity and eventually cleansed itself of venom and produced a pearl. She transformed into Longnü and joined Shancai as an acolyte of Guanyin.[3]
As Red Boy
Sudhana is the Buddhist name of Red Boy, also known as Honghai'er (simplified Chinese: 红孩儿; traditional Chinese: 紅孩兒; pinyin: Hónghái'ér), an antagonist in the classical novel Journey to the West. Red Boy was the son of Princess Iron Fan and Bull Demon King. As an exchange for punishment after kidnapping Tang Sanzangand Zhu Bajie, as well as irreverently usurping Guanyin's lotus seat, Red Boy surrendered to Guanyin and became her attendant.
References
  1. Wilt L. Idema (2008). Personal salvation and filial piety: two precious scroll narratives of Guanyin and her acolytes. University of Hawaii Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780824832155.
  2. Peter N. Gregory (2002). Tsung-mi and the sinification of Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780824826239.
  3. Wilt L. Idema (2008). Personal salvation and filial piety: two precious scroll narratives of Guanyin and her acolytes. University of Hawaii Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780824832155.
External references
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善財童子（ぜんざいどうじ、Sudhanakumâra）は、仏教の童子の一人であり、『華厳経入法界品』、『根本説一切有部毘奈耶薬事』などに登場する。

概要[編集]

『華厳経入法界品』については仏道修行する内容で広く知られる[1]。

華厳経[編集]

『華厳経入法界品[2]』に於いて、インドの長者の子に生まれたが、ある日、仏教に目覚めて文殊菩薩の勧めにより、様々な指導者（善知識）53人を訪ね歩いて段階的に仏教の修行を積み、最後に普賢菩薩の所で悟りを開くという、菩薩行の理想者として描かれている。 善知識の中には比丘や比丘尼のほか外道（仏教徒以外の者）、遊女と思われる女性、童男、童女も含まれている。

派生作品[編集]

昔からこの様子が多くの絵や詩歌に描かれており、日本では、明恵上人高弁による善財童子の讃嘆が有名であり、また東大寺には『華厳五十五所絵巻』[3]、『華厳海会善知識曼荼羅図』などが現存している。金沢文庫に『善財童子華厳縁起[4]』がある。
東海道五十三次[編集]
一説には、江戸時代に整備された東海道五十三次の五十三の宿場は、善財童子を導く五十三人の善知識の数にもとづくものとされる。

根本説一切有部毘奈耶薬事[編集]

ジャータカ（本生経）の１つ『根本説一切有部毘奈耶薬事[5]』によれば善財童子は曠野国に攻め入った時、通りかかった薬叉（夜叉、王は毘沙門天（クベーラ）部下はパーンチカ（鬼子母神の夫）ら）の援軍をえたという。

紅孩児[編集]

明代に集大成された西遊記では善財童子は紅孩児[6]が観音菩薩に帰依した後の名とされる。

関連項目[編集]

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ 『華厳経』と教育 (二) The Buddha-Avatamsaka-Sutra and the Education (2) 大手前大学人文科学部論集 4, 35-71, 2003
  2. ^ “大方広仏華厳経入法界品四十二字観門　三蔵沙門不空奉　詔訳”. 仏教典籍検索. 2010年7月30日閲覧。
  3. ^ 森本公誠編『善財童子 求道の旅』1998年、朝日新聞社刊
  4. ^ 納富常天 『善財童子華厳縁起』について The Manuscript of the Zenzaidoji-Kegon-engi 善財童子華厳縁起 駒澤大学佛教学部論集 18, 270-298, 1987-10
  5. ^ “巻第十三”. 根本説一切有部毘奈耶薬事 大唐三蔵義浄奉　制訳. 仏教典籍検索. 2010年7月30日閲覧。
  6. ^ 元曲の雑劇『雜劇·楊景賢·西遊記·第三本“雜劇·楊景賢·西遊記·第三本” (中国語（繁体字）). 2010年7月30日閲覧。』第十二折鬼母皈依では紅孩児は鬼子母神の子である愛奴児である
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