 | |
| Type | Public (NYSE: BGP) |
|---|---|
| Industry | Retail (Specialty) |
| Founded | 1971 |
| Headquarters | Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. |
| Key people | Bennett S. LeBow (Chairman and CEO) Mike Edwards, (President) Scott Henry, (CFO) |
| Revenue |  $2.8 billion USD (2009)[1] |
| Employees | app. 19,500 (2010)[1] |
| Subsidiaries | Waldenbooks |
| Website | http://www.borders.com (consumer site) http://www.bordersgroupinc.com (corporate site) |
Headquartered in Ann Arbor, Mich, through its subsidiaries Borders Group, Inc. (NYSE: BGP) is a leading specialty retailer of books as well as other educational and entertainment items. The company employs approximately 19,500 throughout the U.S., primarily in its Borders and Waldenbooks stores. Online shopping is offered through borders.com
As of January 30, 2010, the company operated 511 Borders superstores in the United States, including 508 in the U.S. and three in Puerto Rico. The company also operated 175 stores in the Waldenbooks Specialty Retail segment, including Waldenbooks, Borders Express, Borders airport stores, and Borders Outlet stores.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] History
[edit] Beginnings
The original Borders bookstore was located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where it was founded in 1971[2] by brothers Tom and Louis Borders during their undergraduate and graduate years at the University of Michigan. The Borders brothers' inventory system tailored each store's offerings to its community. A sister company, Book Inventory Systems (1976–1994), was founded to serve as a wholesaler for and provide the brothers' custom inventory system to regional independent bookstores such as John Rollins, Thackeray's, Schuler Books, and Joseph-Beth Booksellers. Until Borders Superstore expansion occurred in the early 1990s, BIS serviced more independent stores than Borders stores. Former Hickory Farms president Robert F. DiRomualdo was hired in 1989 to expand the company.
The first Borders bookshop, with a meager stock of used books, was located in two rooms above 209 State Street, north of the State Theater; curiously, these rooms' previous renter was one James "Iggy" Osterberg, who went on to become punk rock pioneer Iggy Pop. From there the brothers soon moved, briefly, to a tiny ground floor + mezzanine operation in the Maynard House apartment building, on the southwest corner of William and Maynard Streets.
In 1975 they bought out the stock of Wahr's, an 80-year-old bookstore that was ending business at 316 South State, and hired Michael Hildebrand and Harvey James Robin to stock it with rare books and manage the old shop. Hildebrand had managed Gibson's used and rare book department in East Lansing for years and Harvey Robin had been a local restorer of rare books, who moved his bindery upstairs.
Wahr's had been mainly a textbook and school supplies vendor, but the brothers did not deal in textbooks. They moved the retail bookshop to much larger quarters that had become available across State Street, in the former location of the Wagner & Son men's clothing store. The old shop was renamed Charing Cross Bookshop and Tom Frick was sent over from the new bookshop to help.
The current flagship store is in downtown Ann Arbor, Michigan at the corner of Liberty and Maynard Streets, in the building once occupied by the now defunct Jacobson's Department Store. Although not the original location, it is still identified as "Borders #1."
[edit] Kmart and Waldenbooks
Borders was acquired in 1992 by Kmart, which had acquired mall-based book chain Waldenbooks eight years earlier in 1984. Kmart had struggled with the book division, having first tinkered with the assortment and later with discounting. In the Borders acquisition, Kmart merged the two companies in hopes that the experienced Borders senior management could bail out floundering Waldenbooks[citation needed]. Instead, much of the Borders senior management team left the company, leaving behind an even larger and more unwieldy division for Kmart executives to handle on the heels of aggressive expansions by rivals Barnes & Noble and Crown Books. Facing its own fiscal problems and intense pressure from stockholders, Kmart spun off Borders in a highly structured stock-purchase plan. The newly formed company was initially called Borders-Walden Group and, by the end of the same year, renamed simply Borders Group.
[edit] International expansion
See Borders (UK) and Borders (Asia Pacific) for more information.
In 1997, the company established its first international store in Singapore, occupying 32,000 square feet (3,000 m2) in Wheelock Place, Orchard Road, which was then the largest bookstore there. It subsequently opened another 41 stores in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, and bought 35 Books etc. stores throughout Britain from Philip and Richard Joseph.
In 1998, Borders (UK) Ltd. was established as a Borders Group subsidiary and with its Borders and Books etc. After quickly becoming one of the country's leading booksellers, due to the fierce competition in the UK marketplace, a number of the Books etc. stores closed, and Borders (UK) Ltd. was sold in 2007 to a private equity investor.
On the 26 November 2009, Borders (UK) Ltd was placed into administration, which is the equivalent to Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the US.[3][4] At that time, the Borders bookshop chain in the UK started a closing down sale in all of its 45 stores.[5] On December 14, Borders UK converted to liquidation (which is equivalent to Chapter 7 in the US) and announced it was going out of business.[6] All UK stores were closed by the end of the year.[7]
In the third quarter of 2006, the Singapore store emerged as the best performing among the entire group's 559 outlets, with the highest revenue generated per square foot.[8] The highest-grossing location in US territory is a recently remodeled and expanded store in Puerto Rico.[citation needed]
By the end of 2009, all of Borders directly owned overseas locations had been sold or closed, leaving only the franchise stores in Dubai, Oman and Malaysia.
[edit] Franchise stores
In April 2005, Borders Group opened its first franchise store with Malaysia's Berjaya Books Sdn. Bhd. in Kuala Lumpur. It is located in Berjaya Times Square, which is the world's biggest mall built in a single phase, with 7,500,000 square feet (700,000 m²). The store in Berjaya Times Square was advertised as being the world's biggest Borders at 60,000 square feet (5,600 m²), however, this has since changed with the closure of one level of the store. Borders' second store in Malaysia is located in The Curve, Mutiara Damansara. The third Borders store opened in Queensbay Mall, Penang on 7 December 2006. Borders opened a franchise store in Mall of the Emirates in Dubai, UAE in October 2006. Despite financial difficulties in the domestic market, Borders has continued to expand its franchises, recently adding stores in Malaysia, Oman and Sharjah.
[edit] Changes in business plan
In 2004, Borders reached an agreement with Starbucks subsidiary Seattle's Best Coffee to operate cafes in its domestic superstores under the Seattle's Best brand name.
In March 2007, Borders Group announced it would scale down the number of Waldenbooks outlets it had by half, to about 300, in the next year.
Also in March 2007, Borders Group announced the disposal of its UK and Ireland businesses including its Books etc. Business in the UK, with the aim of revitalizing the core U.S. business; however, it was also announced that Borders Group would retain the Paperchase Stationery Business. International expansion would be likely to continue via franchising.[9]
In September 2007 it was announced the UK and Ireland business of 42 Borders Stores and 28 Books etc. stores had been sold to private equity group Risk Capital Partners for an initial £20m.[10] However after changing hands in 2009, Borders in the UK and Ireland went into administration on 26 November 2009. After failing to find a buyer, all the stores were shut on 22 December 2009.
In 2008, Borders opened 14 concept stores nationwide, which included a Digital Center, offering select electronic devices such as MP3 players, digital photo frames, and the Sony Reader. The concept stores are located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Denver, Colorado, Las Vegas, Nevada, Panama City Beach, Florida, and Noblesville, Indiana and Alameda, California. The latest Borders Digital Center opened in Alameda, California in May 2008.[11]
In late 2007, Borders installed digital video monitors in select stores. The monitors display special programs, as well as news, sports, and financial information provided through Ripple Networks, Inc., a California-based marketing service.[12]
Borders Group also launched a customer appreciation program called "Borders Rewards." In contrast to a membership from Barnes & Noble, which was a paid-for membership that entitled customers to discounts, Borders Rewards is a free program with discount coupons and the ability to earn cash back on purchases.[13][14][15][16][17] In addition, in September 2009, following the lead of Barnes & Noble's, the chain discontinued its fee-based wireless service provided by T-Mobile, and began implementing a free wifi network provided by Verizon.[18]
The Australian, New Zealand, and Singaporean stores were sold in June 2008 to Pacific Equity Partners (who also own local competitor Angus & Robertson), which then formed a new company, RedGroup Retail, to pay off debt.
[edit] Declining profits
In March 2008, Borders Group announced the intention to sell the chain because of financial difficulties. There were rumors that Borders Books approached Barnes and Noble in hopes of a buyout. Currently, the chain is in debt, having increased its financial instability by borrowing $42.5 million USD in March from Pershing Square Capital Management, the company's major stockholder, to keep the company running through the remainder of the fiscal year. The loan is said to have a very high interest rate of 12.5%, which means that the chain will have to post a significant profit to stay afloat in the future. Following the announcement of the loan, Borders' shares dropped 28.6% to $5.07/share. The shares continued to drop throughout the year, and as of December 11, 2009 Borders stocks were trading at $1.30 on the NYSE, which is up almost a point from a low of $0.530 on January 28, 2009.
Later in 2008, the company announced that its marketing alliance with Amazon.com would end (Amazon had been essentially acting as Borders' online component) and subsequently launched its own web sales site.[19]
Also in 2008, Borders signed an agreement with Lulu Press to create "Borders Personal Publishing." Through this, authors can self-publish their work through Borders and its website, and it is all "powered by Lulu."
On January 5, 2009, the company announced that Ron Marshall would take over as chief executive, effective immediately.[20] Former CEO George L. Jones received a severance package of $2.09 million.[20] Mark Bierley was also promoted to chief financial officer, replacing Ed Wilhelm.[21] The changes in management were due to Borders' holiday sales having fallen by 11.7 percent to $868.8 million.[20] On January 13, Mick McGuire, a former partner at Pershing Square, became Chairman of the Board of Directors.
On March 30, 2009, Marshall announced that the loan from Pershing Square would be extended for another year (coming due on April 1, 2010), at an interest rate of 9.8%. This, combined with a recent series of layoffs and new promotional deals with major publishers, caused Borders stock to rise. Within a week, it had topped the $1.00 mark. By mid-April it had approached $2.00. As a result, the company canceled plans to ask its shareholders for permission to perform a reverse stock split.
On August 11, 2009, Borders revealed the names of the replacements for five of the eight current members of the Board of Directors, who had previously announced their intentions to quit. The new members include Paul J. Brown of Hilton Hotels, Timothy V. Wolf of MillerCoors, and Dan Rose of Facebook.
On November 5, 2009, Borders announced that it would close some of its Waldenbooks stores in an effort to improve the profitability of its Specialty Retail operations. As of January 2010, 182 stores have been closed.
[edit] Developments in 2010
Holiday sales figures for 2009 were "disappointing", with total sales of $846.8 million, down 14.7% from the previous year.[22] Employees reported that major cuts were made in payroll hours.
On January 26, 2010, CEO Ron Marshall resigned to become President and CEO of The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (A&P), a position which had been vacant since October. Following his announcement, Borders stock fell below one dollar per share. During his tenure at Borders, all of the top executive officers resigned (or were encouraged to leave), including some who had been with the company for over twenty years.[23] Mike Edwards (Vice-President and Chief Merchandising Officer) was appointed interim CEO.[24]
On March 31, Borders announced that the loan from Pershing Square had been paid in full. In early April the company's stock had rebounded to $2.78 per share.
On May 21, it was revealed that Bennett S. LeBow, Chairman of Vector Group, was making a large private investment in Borders stock. As a result, he and Howard Lorber, President and CEO of Vector Group, joined the Board of Directors. Following the resignation of Chairman Mick McGuire, LeBow was immediately elected Chairman of the Board.[25] On June 3, LeBow became CEO of Borders Group. Mike Edwards was confirmed as President of Borders Group and CEO of Borders, Inc., the company's principal subsidiary.[26]
The company reported significant losses for the third quarter, compared to 2009. At the end of 2010, Business Week and BBC News reported that Borders would be delaying its payments to publishers for inventory already received, in order to preserve liquidity. This was prompted by problems in refinancing its credit facilities.
[edit] Developments in 2011
On January 3, 2011, Borders's stock had fallen below $1.00 per share.
On January 15, 2011, it was reported that Borders Group had hired the law firm Kasowitz, Benson, Torres and Friedman specializing in bankruptcy and restructuring.[27]
On February 1, 2011, Bloomberg News reported, citing three people familiar with the matter, that Borders Group Inc. might file for bankruptcy protection as soon as next week.[28]
On February 11, 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported that the company intended to file for bankruptcy protection within the following 3 to 4 days. The plan includes closing about 200 stores. [29]
【ニューヨーク＝山川一基】米書店チェーン２位のボーダーズ・グループ（本社・ミシガン州）が来週にも米連邦破産法１１条を申請して倒産する見通しになった。複数の米メディアが１１日報じた。ネット経由の書籍販売や電子書籍の普及で業績低迷が続いていた。
米メディアによると、同社は１４日か１５日に破産法を申請。その後も業務を続けるが、６７０超ある店舗の約３分の１を閉鎖し、２万人弱の従業員のうち数千人を解雇する見通しという。
同社は１９７１年創業。９０年代に一時、米スーパー大手Ｋマートの傘下に入ったことがあったが、９５年に独立して上場。効率的な在庫管理システムを武器に、米最大手バーンズ・アンド・ノーブルに次ぐ規模に成長した。
しかしここ数年は米アマゾンなどの無店舗型の書籍販売が急速に伸びたことに加え、最近はアマゾンの「キンドル」などの電子書籍も成長。自ら電子書籍端末 も手がけたが減収は止まらず、直近の２０１０年８～１０月期の売上高は前年同期比１８％減で、３四半期連続の純損失だった。
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