2010/7/22
昨天攜回昔日複製本 今天讀一章
R. A. Fisher, the life of a scientist
Joan Fisher Box.
Published 1978 by Wiley in New York .
Written in English.
Edition Notes
n class="sansserif">
"Bibliography of R. A. Fisher": p. 486-503.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series | Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics |
Classifications
Dewey Decimal Class | 519.5/092/4, B |
Library of Congress | QA29.F57 B68 |
The Physical Object
Pagination | xii, 512 p., [13] leaves of plates : |
Number of pages | 512 |
R A Fisher: the life of a scientist Preface
Sir Ronald Fisher was my father. This might seem to disqualify me as his biographer, and I certainly had no notion of becoming one when, 5 years after his death, I began to ask his friends and colleagues for their recollections of him. I thought only to preserve the personal record before it was irretrievable. Then, just as Fisher's discourse used to fascinate his hearers in his lifetime, so the flow of his ideas began to fascinate me. His life took form as one continuous discourse from Fisher's lips. It had the vitality of his immense pleasure in the process of thinking, the play of ideas, the solution of puzzles. I recognized that, having known the man, I knew Fisher even as an undergraduate, when he stated the thesis of his life. From this starting point, I began to follow what, being his, was a logical and coherent argument, full of complexities, subtleties, and intriguing subplots. His conversation was not always easy to follow, but it was always fresh and stimulating. It is my hope that the reader of this biography also may take pleasure in the unfolding of a brilliant mind.
Fisher was an idealist, committed to the establishment of truth and the advancement of mankind. Born in 1890 in East Finchley, London, his mathematical ability was quickly apparent. His biological interests became important during his schooldays at Harrow. He accepted Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and he shared Francis Galton's concern that selective effects in society should tend to improve the biological inheritance of Man. However, the scientific facts were not well established: the nature of human inheritance was a matter of debate between geneticists and biometricians; Darwin's evolutionary theory had largely given way to theories involving genetic mutation, and most biologists assumed the effects of selection to be negligible. Above all, the means of establishing the truth of such matters on a firm, quantitative basis were practically nonexistent. So, while still an undergraduate, Fisher began his lifework on the quantification of the variable phenomena of biology; he began his services to the eugenic movement and his involvement with the elucidation of genetical and evolutionary questions.
Rejected for national service in World War I because of poor eyesight, he taught in public schools for 5 years. During this period he made two scientific advances, notable both for the method and the result: using an argument from n-dimensional geometry, he found the distribution of the correlation coefficient; and, using variance components, he demonstrated that human inheritance was entirely consistent with Mendelian principles. In 1919 he was hired as statistician at Rothamsted Experimental Station, where the work he had already done was immediately applicable. He continued investigations into distributions of statistics which, like the correlation coefficient, were in common use; with small experimental samples, it was essential to know the theoretical distribution in assessing the actual results. At the same time, he responded to the stimulus of actual problems in the field by inventing statistical methods that used all the information in the data to draw correct inferences, and he conceived the whole idea of the design of experiments, by which to gain fuller and more precise information for a given amount of experimental effort. He laid the foundations, coined the language, and developed the methodology of modern biometry.
During the 1930s the influence of his statistical work spread throughout the English-speaking world, and often beyond, so that, after World War II, with the formation of the International Biometric Society in 1947, a new field of scientific research was recognized. As a result of the introduction of quantitative methods and the refinements of inductive reasoning for which Fisher had been primarily responsible, a transformation had taken place in the very way a biologist conceived of his research.
Meanwhile, in 1917, Fisher was married to Ruth E Guinness, younger daughter of Dr Henry Grattan Guinness, a preacher and evangelist who, at the time of his death in 1915, had been head of the missionary training college and the mission his father had started. The Fishers read together in the history of civilizations, noting evidences that the decay of past civilizations had resulted from the pattern of social selection arising in a moneyed economy. Fisher advocated practical measures by which to reduce this deleterious selection in contemporary society and thus save Western Civilization from the fate of its predecessors. Eugenic practice accorded with theory and, for the Fishers, started with the investment of their own physical and economic resources in the next generation. Eventually they raised a family of two sons and six daughters.
In addition, at home Fisher pursued work in population genetics that led to his formulation of The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (1930) and to his election in 1933 to the Chair of Eugenics at University College, London, where he initiated genetical researches, in particular, in human blood group serology. In 1943 he moved to Cambridge University as Balfour Professor of Genetics. Combining genetical work in the laboratory with evolutionary field work, in collaboration with E B Ford, he demonstrated the reality of the effects of natural selection and developed statistical methods by which they could be measured. He also enjoyed the more theoretical aspects of his work, the theory of inbreeding arising from his work with mice, and the combinatorial aspects of his work with polyploid plants. Logical difficulties in the theory of inductive inference continued to engage him after his retirement in 1957. He died in Adelaide in 1962.
Given its subject, this biography is necessarily scientific. However, I have not assumed that the reader is familiar with any of the sciences involved, and I have avoided mathematical elaboration. The symbols of mathematics are used mainly to clarify logical connections necessary to the argument. I hope that any reader prepared to follow through what is sometimes fairly stiff argument may understand its substance without difficulty. At the same time I have tried to make the account technically correct.
My ignorance of mathematics and statistics would have prevented me from attempting the present work without the help of my husband, George E P Box. Patiently, he has expounded and discussed statistical matters with me and interpreted the mathematics. He has read and corrected several drafts of the manuscript. The errors are mine; much of the clarity of the statistical discussion I owe to him.
I have greatly benefited from the publication of the Collected Papers of R A Fisher (Volumes 1-5), J H Bennett, Ed., University of Adelaide, 1971-1973. These comprise 294 of Fisher's contributions to the scientific literature between 1912 and 1962, with amendments or prefaces Fisher had made in his lifetime, the biographical memoir written by K Mather and F Yates, and a very complete bibliography (included in this volume). Nearly half the collected papers are mainly mathematical or statistical, and most of the others concern topics in genetics, evolution, or eugenics. The broad scope of many of the papers, however, makes any grouping according to subject matter unsatisfactory, and the papers have been arranged chronologically according to year of publication, with the more statistical ones placed ahead of the more genetical. In his Preface, the editor writes, "it is hoped that with the material presented in this way, readers will be better able to appreciate the extraordinary diversity of Fisher's contributions to science and to trace their overall development and interrelationships." The Collected Papers constitute a resource no student of Fisher's work can afford to be without. In this volume, therefore, references in the text are given numerically as they appear in the Collected Papers.
I am deeply indebted to a number of Fisher's friends for their help. Prof J Henry Bennett gave me access to the Fisher papers at Adelaide University and put every facility at my disposal during my 3 months with the Genetics Department there in 1970. He has read and commented on the manuscript, has checked quotations from the papers in Adelaide, and brought source material to my attention. Professor E B Ford recorded for me a priceless account of his long and close association with Fisher and has read and commented on relevant portions of the manuscript. Prof G A Barnard arranged a valuable series of seminars on Fisher's statistical papers during our stay at Essex University in the academic year 1970-1971. He has commented on my discussion of scientific inference. Prof D J Finney has read and commented on a draft of the early chapters, and Prof J F Crow on the chapter on the evolution of dominance.
Many have contributed their own recollections, written records, photographs, and even personal correspondence with Fisher. For such generous assistance I wish to express my gratitude to the following: A E Brandt, Sir Edward Bullard, L L Cavalli Sforza, the late E A Cornish, Gertrude M Cox, A W F Edwards, D J Finney, T N Hoblyn, S B Holt, E Irving, Sir Bernard Keen, R T Leslie, the late P C Mahalanobis and Mrs Mahalanobis, Besse B Mauss, J R Morton, E S Pearson, R R Race, Stuart A Rice, P R Rider, W A Roach, S K Runcorn, the late H Fairfield Smith, Sir Gerard Thornton, Helen N Turner and F Yates. I thank Rothamsted Experimental Station, the Agricultural Research Council, the Genetical Society and the Royal Society for supplying information from their records at my request and K Mather for permission to quote from his contribution to the Royal Society's Biographical memoir of R A Fisher.
Special thanks are due to my aunt, Geraldine Heath (Gudruna), for an account she alone could have given of Fisher during the years 1910 - 1920. The clarity of her perceptions and memories illuminates the pages of the long letters, often hand-written, in which in her mid-eighties she recalled Fisher and commented on my account of him in the first two chapters of this volume. Above all, I thank my mother for opening the gates of sometimes painful memories on my behalf and for her full and enthusiastic discussion of my questions.
JOAN FISHER BOX
Madison, Wisconsin
February 1978
藏儀時悼文引
http://www.catholic.org.tw/bible/
德訓篇 44章
第四十四章
讚揚列祖導言
- 現在讓我們來讚揚那些著名的偉人，和我們歷代的祖先：
- 上主在他們身上，作出許多光耀的事，自太古就對他們，顯示了自己的偉大。
- 他們中，有在自己國內為王的，有因自己的能幹而名聞天下的；有因自己的明智而作參議的，有因自己的先知任務而明察一切的；
- 有因自己的決策和明智，而作當時民眾領袖的；有以自己賢明的訓言，教導民眾的學者；
- 有因其所長，創作樂曲的，有寫作敘事詩的；
- 有的是富而有權勢的人，有的愛好美術，在自己家中，過著安靜的生活。
- 這一切人，在自己的民族中，歷代受人尊敬，他們在世時就被人誇讚。
- 他們中，有的已留名於後世，使人讚頌不已；
- 有的卻沒有留下紀念，他們死了，好像他們沒有存在過；他們生了，好像沒有生過；他們的子孫也同他們一樣。
- 但我所要稱揚的人，都是寬大為懷的人，他們的義舉，不會被人遺忘；
- 他們的善行與子孫同存，
- 他們的後裔，保有這善行的產業；他們的子孫履行盟約，
- 他們的子女，因了他們，也是如此：子子孫孫，永世常存；他們的光榮，決不會泯滅；
- 他們的遺體必被人安葬，名譽必留於永世；
- 民眾必稱述他們的智慧，集會必傳揚他們的美德。
- 哈諾客悅樂了上主，故此被提升天，成為後世悔改的模範。
- 諾厄被共認是齊全正義的人，而在義怒時，成了人類的繼承人；
- 當洪水來臨時，因了他，為世界保存了餘生；
- 天主與他立定了一個永久的盟約：一切有肉軀的生物，再不遭受洪水的摧殘。
- 亞巴郎是萬民的大父，對於光榮，沒有人比得上他。他遵守了至高者的法律，又同他訂立了盟約。
- 他在自己身上堅定了盟約，在受試探時，證明自己是忠誠的。
- 因此，天主起誓許下：要在他的民族中光榮他；要使萬民因他的苗裔而蒙受祝福；要使他的子孫多得像地上的塵土；
- 要提拔他的後裔，如天上的繁星；要把從這海到那海，從大河直到地極之間的土地，賜給他們當作產業。
- 至於依撒格，因他父親亞巴郎的緣故，天主也向他確定了同樣的事。
- 上主將萬人的祝福與盟約，寄託在雅各伯頭上；
- 上主藉自己的祝福，承認他為長子；賜給他產業，將他的產業分給十二支派。
- 上主使雅各伯的後裔中，出現了一位慈善的人，他在眾人眼前甚為得寵；
讚揚古聖祖
讚揚梅瑟
沒有留言:
張貼留言