2026年5月5日 星期二

The Gardener's Garden; 不簡單的作者與譯者《花園:談人之為人》 Gardens: An Essay on the Human Condition by Robert Pogue Harrison 第一章 憂思乃天職 第二章 夏娃 第三章 人——奉獻于土地的園丁 第四章 無家而園 第五章 “我自己的花園” 第六章 柏拉圖的學園 第七章 伊壁鳩魯的花園學校 第八章 薄伽丘的花園故事 第九章 隱修之園、共和之園與王公之園 第十章 凡爾賽宮園林短評 第十一章 觀看——一門失落的藝術 第十二章 奇跡般的諧和 第十三章 兩種天堂︰伊斯蘭教與基督教之比較 第十四章 人,而不是破壞之徒 第十五章 時代的悖論 跋 附錄 一 《十日談》選摘喬瓦尼‧薄伽丘 二 《帕洛馬爾》選摘伊塔洛‧卡爾維諾 三 花園安德魯馬韋爾 四 伊斯蘭地毯花園簡介; A Philosophy of Gardens 花園的哲理


The Gardener's Garden; 不簡單的作者與譯者《花園:談人之為人》  Gardens: An Essay on the Human Condition by Robert Pogue Harrison 第一章 憂思乃天職 第二章 夏娃 第三章 人——奉獻于土地的園丁 第四章 無家而園 第五章 “我自己的花園” 第六章 柏拉圖的學園 第七章 伊壁鳩魯的花園學校 第八章 薄伽丘的花園故事 第九章 隱修之園、共和之園與王公之園 第十章 凡爾賽宮園林短評 第十一章 觀看——一門失落的藝術 第十二章 奇跡般的諧和 第十三章 兩種天堂︰伊斯蘭教與基督教之比較 第十四章 人,而不是破壞之徒 第十五章 時代的悖論 跋 附錄 一 《十日談》選摘喬瓦尼‧薄伽丘 二 《帕洛馬爾》選摘伊塔洛‧卡爾維諾 三 花園安德魯馬韋爾 四 伊斯蘭地毯花園簡介; A Philosophy of Gardens 花園的哲理



'Avant gardens': When art, design and a whole load of plants collide



By Jake Wallis Simons, for CNN


October 27, 2014 -- Updated 1230 GMT (2030 HKT)The avant garde garden design movement dispenses with traditional conceptions of gardens in favor of a more sculpture-like approach. These "Supertrees", designed by Grant Associates, are found in Gardens by the Bay in Singapore. The Supertrees, conceived to be like mature trees "without the wait", are the height of a tall building and support a living "skin" of plants.













HIDE CAPTION



The world's most avant garde gardens

STORY HIGHLIGHTS
  • The Gardener's Garden showcases some of the most beautiful gardens from around the world
  • A new generation of gardeners are creating experimental spaces
  • Modern avant garde designers are considering climate change and water conservation
(CNN) -- When is a garden not a garden? When it's an avant garden.
Designers of the past -- who were concerned with verdant lawns, traditional flowerbeds and tasteful ornaments -- would barely recognize the experimental gardens of today.
"Garden design has always been quite a traditional discipline, says Madison Cox, a garden designer and part of the team behind a new book, The Gardener's Garden.
"Gardens are in a constant state of flux, and you can only do what the plants allow you to do. So it changes less rapidly than painting, sculpture or architecture, as it takes longer to experiment."
Plant vocabulary
There have been other restrictions, too. In the past, garden design was limited by the plants available, as it was difficult to access plants that did not grow indigenously.
But now, says Cox, the "plant vocabulary" has increased.
"Go to any garden center in England, Italy, America or elsewhere, and you'll find plants from all over the world," he says.
This -- together with the influence of radical breakthroughs in the disciplines of painting, sculpture and music -- has allowed a new generation of gardeners to create spaces that owed more to the imagination than tradition.
The birth of a new experimental art form
It started with experiments like Lotusland, an extravagant garden in Santa Barbara, California that was created in the latter half of the 20th Century by Madame Ganna Walska, an eccentric opera singer. It contains exotic plants from all over the world, set in fantasy contexts.
"It's completely mad," says Cox. "The section called the Blue Garden, for instance, has many blue plants and blue-colored slag from a Coca-Cola bottling plant on the ground. The effect is this weird, underwater, blue light, that is at the same time eerie and soothing."
Garden design has always been quite a traditional discipline
Madison Cox
Similarly, Marjorelle -- a public garden in Marrakech, Morocco, that attracts about 730,000 visitors a year -- showcases plants that are almost completely devoid of vivid color, and resembles a world of grays, light greens and pale blues.
"The only color comes from things that are not natural, like painted surfaces and pottery," says Cox.
Taking design to the next level
In Kent, England, the garden that belonged to movie director Derek Jarman eschews grass and traditional trees to embrace flotsam, weeds and found objects, creating a space that is in many ways closer to a movie set than a garden.
Modern experimental designers have been taking things to another level. The Red Sand Garden in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Melbourne, Australia, resembles a martian landscape, complete with rock circles, curving escarpments and striking forms and foliage.
However, modern avant garde designers are not completely free from all constraints. "In today's world, we have other pressing environmental issues, such as water conservation," says Cox. "Designers need to consider what is appropriate to the specific climatic conditions they are working in. This is of vital importance."
The Gardener\'s Garden is available now from Phaidon
The Gardener's Garden is available now from Phaidon
The heart of any garden
Ultimately, he says, a garden is a garden if it represents a retreat from the world.
"In recent years there has been an explosion of creativity," he says, "but we have never lost that sense that garden is a paradise, a retreat from the world, and an alternative to our normal surroundings and chaotic lives.
"That has always been the point of a garden, and that will never change."

-----












































































 Gardens: An Essay on the Human Condition by Robert Pogue Harrison 蘇薇星譯   北京三聯   2011    花園:談人之為人    不簡單的作者與譯者


 人之為人,為什麼與花園息息相關?花園能否告訴我們為何“死亡是美的母親”,如詩人史蒂文斯所言?為什麼說我們其實生活在一個沒有花園的時代?為什麼說我 們正竭力創建一座史無前例的碩大伊甸園,與此同時卻將大地迅速變為荒原?《花園——談人之為人》作者羅伯特‧波格‧哈里森以其詩性的哲思引導讀者尋訪神話 傳說、宗教聖典、文學作品以及現實生活中的一座座花園,諸如荷馬史詩中的仙島樂園、伊壁鳩魯的弟子們深耕細作的菜園、《十日談》里的男女青年講故事的鄉村 花園、《瘋狂的羅蘭》中的幻景花園、樸質極簡的禪寺石庭、工致安詳的伊斯蘭園林、令園丁“走火入魔 ”、整日撥泥弄土的平凡的家庭小花園,還有無家可歸者在紐約街頭組建的臨時花園……《花園——談人之為人》邀請我們漫步這座座花園,體悟花園與園藝的內 蘊,由此在我們的心田和大地上重新開始耕種伏爾泰所說的“我們的花園”。


致謝
第一章 憂思乃天職
第二章 夏娃
第三章 人——奉獻于土地的園丁
第四章 無家而園
第五章 “我自己的花園”
第六章 柏拉圖的學園
第七章 伊壁鳩魯的花園學校
第八章 薄伽丘的花園故事
第九章 隱修之園、共和之園與王公之園
第十章 凡爾賽宮園林短評
第十一章 觀看——一門失落的藝術
第十二章 奇跡般的諧和
第十三章 兩種天堂︰伊斯蘭教與基督教之比較
第十四章 人,而不是破壞之徒
第十五章 時代的悖論

附錄
一 《十日談》選摘喬瓦尼‧薄伽丘
二 《帕洛馬爾》選摘伊塔洛‧卡爾維諾
三 花園安德魯馬韋爾
四 伊斯蘭地毯花園簡介
注釋
文獻目錄
索引
譯後記

人類生來就無法凝視歷史的面龐,這一美杜莎之首遍布著瘋狂、死亡和無盡的苦難。這可不是我們的缺陷;恰恰相反,正因為不願听任歷史現實一展美杜莎的魔法, 將我們變成石塊,我們才有了得以承受人生的這一切︰我們的宗教熱忱、詩意想象、對理想之邦的夢幻;我們的道義追求、玄思冥想、對現實的審美幻化;我們對故 事的迷戀、對游戲競技的熱衷、徜徉大自然的歡欣。阿爾貝.加繆曾回憶道︰“苦難讓我無法相信陽光普照下、漫漫歷史中一切都那麼美好,陽光卻教我懂得歷史並 非一切。”(加繆,Lyrical and Critical Essays,第7頁)不妨補充一句,倘若歷史意味著一切,那我們只能癲狂而終。

在加繆看來,是陽光帶來了慰藉,而更普遍地說,在西方文化傳統中,供人躲避歷史的喧囂與狂躁的庇護聖所,當屬花園——無論實在的還是虛構的花園。本書的讀 者會發現,這一座座花園可能與我們相距迢遙,比如吉爾伽美什一度涉足的神仙之園,希臘傳說中的極樂之島,但丁筆下煉獄山巔的伊甸園;或許,這些園林就坐落 在凡俗城邦的邊緣,譬如柏拉圖的學園,伊壁鳩魯的花園學校,薄伽丘《十日談》里的別墅花園;也許,這些園圃竟展現于都會鬧市,一如巴黎的盧森堡公園,羅馬 的博爾蓋塞別墅園林,還有散布紐約街頭的“無家之園”。殊途同歸︰不論作為一種構想,還是作為由人所創的環境,花園即便不是天堂,也是一種理想的憩園。

盡管如此,由人所創的花園不論多麼封閉自足,也始終立足于歷史,哪怕只為抗拒驅動歷史的種種侵蝕生命的力量。伏爾泰,在《老實人》的結尾處寫道︰“我們應當耕種我們的花園”(n faut cultiver notre jardin),要理解這句名言中花園的涵義,就不能將它孤立于小說背景中連綿不斷的戰亂、瘟疫和災荒。此處對“耕種”的強調至關重要。正因為我們生來就 被拋入歷史,才須耕種我們的花園。不朽的伊甸園無需栽培養育,它為上蒼所賜,本已盡善盡美。在我們眼中,人間座座花園仿佛在伊甸園後的世界里開啟了一扇扇 通往天堂的門戶,然而,這些園圃必須由我們自己來創建、維護和關照;這一事實足以證明,它們起源于人類失去樂園之後。沒有花園的歷史是一片不毛之地。脫離 了歷史的花園必然淪為多余。

曾給我們所在的這座凡生的伊甸園增色添彩的處處園林,最有力地體現了人類棲居大地的理由。每當歷史一展其破壞與毀滅之能,與之對抗是我們惟一的選擇,為的 是維持我們健全的神志,且不談健全的人性。我們不得不尋求治愈創傷、救贖生命的種種力量,讓它們在我們心中、在我們中間生長。“耕種我們的花園”意義就在 于此。伏爾泰的選詞——“我們的”——指向我們同屬共享的世界,這個紛繁世界借助人類的行動方才氣象萬千。“我們的花園”絕非一方逃避真實、純屬個人的私 密空間;“我們的花園”是大地上、內心深處或社群集體之中的那一塊土壤,在那里,救贖現實、使它不致自毀的文化精髓、倫理美德、公民道德正得到培養。這些 德性始終是我們的。

漫步此書,讀者將會穿行于多種不同的花園——有的來自歷史,有的立足現實生活,有的屬于神話傳說或文學創意——但本書探討的每一處園林多多少少都是“我們 的花園”這一故事的一個篇章。假如歷史終究在于破壞和培養這兩種力量之間驚人的、不間斷的、無止境的抗衡,那麼本書行將加入後者的奮爭。為此,它力求分擔 園丁的天職——憂思。


 Copyright notice: Excerpt from pages 1–13 of Gardens: An Essay on the Human Condition by Robert Pogue Harrison, published by the University of Chicago Press. ©2008 by The University of Chicago. 




An excerpt from

Gardens

An Essay on the Human Condition

Robert Pogue Harrison


The Vocation of Care
For millennia and throughout world cultures, our predecessors conceived of human happiness in its perfected state as a garden existence. It is impossible to say whether the first earthly paradises of the cultural imagination drew their inspiration from real, humanly cultivated gardens or whether they in fact inspired, at least in part, the art of gardening in its earliest aesthetic flourishes. Certainly there was no empirical precedent for the mineral “garden of the gods” in the Epic of Gilgamesh, described in these terms: “All round Gilgamesh stood bushes bearing gems… there was fruit of carnelian with the vine hanging from it, beautiful to look at; lapis lazuli leaves hung thick with fruit, sweet to see. For thorns and thistles there were haematite and rare stones, agate, and pearls from out of the sea” (The Epic of Gilgamesh, 100). In this oldest of literary works to have come down to us, there is not one but two fantastic gardens. Dilmun, or “the garden of the sun,” lies beyond the great mountains and bodies of water that surround the world of mortals. Here Utnapishtim enjoys the fruits of his exceptional existence. To him alone among humans have the gods granted everlasting life, and with it repose, peace, and harmony with nature. Gilgamesh succeeds in reaching that garden after a trying and desperate journey, only to be forced to return to the tragedies and cares of Uruk, his earthly city, for immortality is denied him.
More precisely, immortal life is denied him. For immortality comes in several forms—fame, foundational acts, the enduring memorials of art and scripture—while unending life is the fabulous privilege of only a select few. Among the Greeks, Meneleus was granted this special exemption from death, with direct transport to the gardens of Elysium at the far end of the earth,
where there is made the easiest life for mortals,
for there is no snow, nor much winter there, nor is there ever
rain, but always the stream of the Ocean sends up breezes
of the West Wind blowing briskly for the refreshment of mortals. This, because Helen is yours and you [Meneleus] are son in law therefore to Zeus.
—(Odyssey, 4.565û69)
For all her unmatched beauty, it seems that this was what the great fuss over Helen was really all about: whoever possessed her was destined for the Isles of the Blest rather than the gloom of Hades. Men have gone to war for less compelling reasons.
By comparison to the ghostly condition of the shades in Hades, a full-bodied existence in Elysium is enviable, to be sure, if only because happiness outside of the body is very difficult for human beings to imagine and impossible for them to desire. (One can desire deliverance from the body, and desire it ardently, but that is another matter.) Even the beatified souls in Dante’s Paradise anticipate with surplus of joy the resurrection of their flesh at the end of time. Their bliss is in fact imperfect until they recover in time what time has robbed them of: the bodily matter with which their personal identity and appearance were bound up. Until the restitution of their bodies at the end of time, the blessed in Dante’s heaven cannot properly recognize one another, which they long to do with their loved ones (in Paradiso 14 [61û66], Dante writes of two groups of saints he meets: “So ready and eager to cry ‘Amen’ / did one chorus and the other seem to me / that clearly they showed their desire for their dead bodies, / not just for themselves but for their mothers, / and fathers, and the others who were dear to them / before they became sempiternal flames”). In that respect all of us on Earth, insofar as we are in our body, are more blessed than the saints in Dante’s heaven. It is otherwise with the likes of Meneleus and Utnapishtim and Adam and Eve before the fall. The fantastic garden worlds of myth are places where the elect can possess the gift of their bodies without paying the price for the body’s passions, can enjoy the fruits of the earth without being touched by the death and disease that afflicts all things earthly, can soak up the sunlight so sorely missed by their colleagues in Hades without being scorched by its excess and intensity. For a very long time, this endless prolongation of bodily life in a gardenlike environment, protected from the tribulations of pain and mortality, was the ultimate image of the good life.
Or was it? Certainly Meneleus is in no hurry to sail off to his islands in the stream. Telemachus finds him still reigning over his kingdom, a man among men. There is no doubt that Meneleus would opt for Elysium over Hades—any of us would—but would he gladly give up his worldly life prematurely for that garden existence? It seems not. Why? Because earthly paradises like Dilmun and Elysium offer ease and perpetual spring at the cost of an absolute isolation from the world of mortals—isolation from friends, family, city, and the ongoing story of human action and endeavor. Exile from both the private and public spheres of human interaction is a sorry condition, especially for a polis-loving people like the Greeks. It deprives one of both the cares and the consolations of mortal life, to which most of us are more attached than we may ever suspect. To go on living in such isolated gardens, human beings must either denature themselves like Utnapishtim, who is no longer fully human after so many centuries with no human companionship other than his wife, or else succumb to the melancholia that afflicts the inhabitants of Dante’s Elysian Fields in Limbo, where, as Virgil tells the pilgrim, sanza speme vivemo in disio, we live in desire without hope. As Thoreau puts it in Walden, “Be it life or death, we crave only reality” (61). If Meneleus took that craving for reality with him to Elysium, his everlasting life there is a mixed blessing indeed.
But why are we posing hypothetical questions to Meneleus when we can consult Odysseus directly? Kalypso’s island, where Odysseus was marooned for several years, is in every respect a kind of Isle of the Blest in the far-flung reaches of the ocean: a flourishing green environment with fountains, vines, violets, and birds. Here is how Homer describes the scene, which is prototypical of many subsequent such idyllic scenes in Western literature:
She was singing inside the cave with a sweet voice
as she went up and down the loom and wove with a golden shuttle.
There was a growth of grove around the cavern, flourishing,
alder was there, and the black poplar, and fragrant cypress,
and there were birds with spreading wings who made their nests in it,
little owls, and hawks, and birds of the sea with long beaks
who are like ravens, but all their work is on the sea water;
and right about the hollow cavern extended a flourishing
growth of vine that ripened with grape clusters. Next to it
there were four fountains, and each of them ran shining water,
each next to each, but turned to run in sundry directions;
and round about there were meadows growing soft with parsley
and violets, and even a god who came into that place
would have admired what he saw, his heart delighted within him.
—(5.63û74)
This is the enchanted place that Kalpyso invites Odysseus to share with her permanently, with an offer of immortality included in the bargain. But we know the story: cold to her offer, Odysseus spends all his days on the desolate seashore with his back to the earthly paradise, sulking, weeping, yearning for his homecoming to harsh and craggy Ithaca and his aging wife. Nothing can console him for his exile from “the land of his fathers” with its travails and responsibilities. Kalypso is incapable of stilling within his breast his desire to repossess the coordinates of his human identity, of which he is stripped on her garden island. Even the certainty that death awaits him after a few decades of life on Ithaca cannot persuade him to give up his desire to return to that very different, much more austere island.
What Odysseus longs for on Kalypso’s island—what keeps him in a state of exile there—is a life of care. More precisely, he longs for the world in which human care finds its fulfillment; in his case, that is the world of family, homeland, and genealogy. Care, which is bound to worldliness, does not know what to do with itself in a worldless garden in the middle of the ocean. It is the alienated core of care in his human heart that sends Odysseus to the shore every morning and keeps him out of place in the unreal environment of Kalypso’s island. “If you only knew in your own heart how many hardships / you were fated to undergo before getting back to your country, / you would stay here with me and be lord of this household and be an immortal” (5.206û9). But Kalypso is a goddess—a “shining goddess” at that—and she scarcely can understand the extent to which Odysseus, insofar as he is human, is held fast by care, despite or perhaps even because of the burdens that care imposes on him.
If Homer’s Odysseus remains to this day an archetype of the mortal human, it is because of the way he is embraced by care in all its unyielding tenacity. An ancient parable has come down to us across the ages which speaks eloquently of the powerful hold that the goddess Cura has on human nature:
Once when Care was crossing a river, she saw some clay; she thoughtfully took up a piece and began to shape it. While she was meditating on what she had made, Jupiter came by. Care asked him to give it spirit, and this he gladly granted. But when she wanted her name to be bestowed upon it, he forbade this, and demanded that it be given his name instead. While Care and Jupiter were disputing, Earth arose and desired that her own name be conferred on the creature, since she had furnished it with part of her body. They asked Saturn to be their arbiter, and he made the following decision, which seemed a just one: “Since you, Jupiter, have given its spirit, you shall receive that spirit at its death; and since you, Earth, have given its body, you shall receive its body. But since Care first shaped this creature, she shall possess it as long as it lives. And because there is now a dispute among you as to its name, let it be called homo, for it is made out of humus (earth).”
Until such time as Jupiter receives its spirit and Earth its body, the ensouled matter of homo belongs to Cura, who “holds” him for as long as he lives (Cura teneat, quamdiu vixerit). If Odysseus is a poetic character for Care’s hold on humans, we can understand why he cannot lie easily in Kalypso’s arms. Another less joyful goddess than Kalypso already has her claims on him, calling him back to a land plowed, cultivated, and cared for by his fathers and forefathers. Given that Cura formed homo out of humus, it is only “natural” that her creature should direct his care primarily toward the earth from which his living substance derives. Thus it is above all the land of his fathers—as Homer repeats on several occasions—that calls Odysseus back to Ithaca. We must understand the concept of land not merely geographically but materially, as the soil cultivated by his ancestors and the earth in which their dead bodies are buried.
Had Odysseus been forced to remain on Kalypso’s island for the rest of his endless days, and had he not lost his humanity in the process, he most likely would have taken to gardening, no matter how redundant such an activity might have been in that environment. For human beings like Odysseus, who are held fast by care, have an irrepressible need to devote themselves to something. A garden that comes into being through one’s own labor and tending efforts is very different from the fantastical gardens where things preexist spontaneously, offering themselves gratuitously for enjoyment. And if we could have seen Odysseus’s patch of cultivated ground from the air, it would have appeared to us as a kind of oasis—an oasis of care—in the landscape of Kalypso’s home world. For unlike earthly paradises, human-made gardens that are brought into and maintained in being by cultivation retain a signature of the human agency to which they owe their existence. Call it the mark of Cura.
While care is a constant, interminable condition for human beings, specific human cares represent dilemmas or intrigues that are resolved in due time, the way the plots of stories are resolved in due time. Odysseus experiences the endless delays that keep him from returning home as so much wasted time—for it is only with his return home that the temporal process of resolution can resume its proper course. His story cannot go forward in Kalypso’s earthly paradise, for the latter is outside both world and time. Thus it represents a suspension of the action by which his present cares—which revolve around reclaiming his kingdom and household—work toward an outcome. No resolution is final, of course, and even death does not put an end to certain cares (as Odysseus learns when he talks to the shades of his dead companions in the land of the dead). Yet in general human beings experience time as the working out of one care after another.
Here too we find a correlation between care and gardens. A humanly created garden comes into being in and through time. It is planned by the gardener in advance, then it is seeded or cultivated accordingly, and in due time it yields its fruits or intended gratifications. Meanwhile the gardener is beset by new cares day in and day out. For like a story, a garden has its own developing plot, as it were, whose intrigues keep the caretaker under more or less constant pressure. The true gardener is always “the constant gardener.”
The account of the creation of humankind in the Cura fable has certain affinities with, but also marked differences from, the account in Genesis, where the Maker of heaven and earth created a naive, slow-witted Adam and put him in the Garden of Eden, presumably so that Adam could “keep” the garden, but more likely (judging from the evidence) to shield him from the reality of the world, as parents are sometimes wont to do with their children. If he had wanted to make Adam and Eve keepers of the garden, God should have created them as caretakers; instead he created them as beneficiaries, deprived of the commitment that drives a gardener to keep his or her garden. It would seem that it was precisely this overprotection on God’s part that caused Adam and Eve to find themselves completely defenseless when it came to the serpent’s blandishments. Despite God’s best intentions, it was a failure of foresight on his part (a failure of gardening, as it were) to think that Adam and Eve could become caretakers of Eden’s privileged environment when he, God, went to such lengths to make sure that his creatures had not a care in the world.
Indeed, with what insouciance Adam and Eve performed the momentous act that gets them expelled from Eden! “And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat” (Genesis 3:6). It was not overbearing pride, nor irrepressible curiosity, nor rebellion against God, nor even the heady thrill of transgression which caused them to lose, in one mindless instant, their innocence. The act was committed without fear and trembling, without the dramas of temptation or fascination of the forbidden, in fact without any real motivation at all. It was out of sheer carelessness that they did it. And how could it have been otherwise, given that God had given them no occasion to acquire a sense of responsibility? The problem with Adam and Eve in the garden was not so much their will to disobedience as their casual, thoughtless, and childlike disposition. It was a disposition without resistance, as the serpent quickly discovered upon his first attempt to get Eve to eat the forbidden fruit.
It was only after the fall that Adam acquired a measure of resiliency and character. In Eden, Adam was unburdened by worries but incapable of devotion. Everything was there for him (including his wife). After his exile, he was there for all things, for it was only by dedicating himself that he could render humanly inhabitable an environment that did not exist for his pleasure and that exacted from him his daily labor. Out of this extension of self into the world was born the love of something other than oneself (hence was born human culture as such). For all that it cost future humankind, the felix culpa of our mythic progenitors accomplished at least this much: it made life matter. For humans are fully human only when things matter. Nothing was at stake for Adam and Eve in the garden until suddenly, in one decisive moment of self-revelation, everything was at stake. Such were the garden’s impossible alternatives: live in moral oblivion within its limits or gain a sense of reality at the cost of being thrown out.
But did we not pay a terrible price—toil, pain and death—for our humanization? That is exactly the wrong question to ask. The question rather is whether the gift of the Garden of Eden—for Eden was a gift—was wasted on us prior to the price we paid through our expulsion. As Yeats said of hearts: “Hearts are not had as gifts but hearts are earned / by those that are not entirely beautiful” (“Prayer for My Daughter,” in The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats, 188). In Eden, Adam and Eve were altogether too beautiful, hence also heartless. They had to earn their human hearts outside of the garden, if only in order to learn what beauty is, as well as what a gift it is. Through Adam and Eve we lost a gift but earned a heart, and in many ways we are still earning our heart, just as we are still learning that most of what the earth offers—despite its claims on our labor—has the character of something freely given rather than aggressively acquired.
Eden was a paradise for contemplation, but before Adam and Eve could know the quiet ecstasy of contemplation, they had to be thrown into the thick of the vita activa. The vita activa, if we adopt Hannah Arendt’s concept of it, consists of labor, work, and action. Labor is the endless and inglorious toil by which we secure our biological survival, symbolized by the sweat of Adam’s brow as he renders the earth fruitful, contending against blight, drought, and disaster. But biological survival alone does not make us human. What distinguishes us in our humanity is the fact that we inhabit relatively permanent worlds that precede our birth and outlast our death, binding the generations together in a historical continuum. These worlds, with their transgenerational things, houses, cities, institutions, and artworks, are brought into being by work. While labor secures our survival, work builds the worlds that make us historical. The historical world, in turn, serves as the stage for human action, the deeds and speech through which human beings realize their potential for freedom and affirm their dignity in the radiance of the public sphere. Without action, human work is meaningless and labor is fruitless. Action is the self-affirmation of the human before the witness of the gods and the judgment of one’s fellow humans.
Whether one subscribes to Arendt’s threefold schematization or not, it is clear that a life of action, pervaded through and through by care, is what has always rendered human life meaningful. Only in the context of such meaningfulness could the experience of life acquire a depth and density denied to our primal ancestors in the garden. To put it differently: only our expulsion from Eden, and the fall into the vita activa that ensued from it, could make us fit for and worthy of the gift of life, to say nothing of the gift of Eden. Adam and Eve were not ready—they lacked the maturity—to become keepers of the garden. To become keepers they first would have to become gardeners. It was only by leaving the Garden of Eden behind that they could realize their potential to become cultivators and givers, instead of mere consumers and receivers.
Regarding that potential, we must not forget that Adam, like homo in the Cura fable, was made out of clay, out of earth, out of humus. It’s doubtful whether any creature made of such matter could ever, in his deeper nature, be at home in a garden where everything is provided. Someone of Adam’s constitution cannot help but hear in the earth a call to self-realization through the activation of care. His need to engage the earth, to make it his place of habitation, if only by submitting himself to its laws—this need would explain why Adam’s sojourn in Eden was at bottom a form of exile and why the expulsion was a form of repatriation.
Once Jupiter breathed spirit into the matter out of which homo was composed, it became a living human substance that was as spiritual in essence as it was material. In its humic unity it lent itself to cultivation, or more precisely to self-cultivation. That is why the human spirit, like the earth that gives homo his body, is a garden of sorts—not an Edenic garden handed over to us for our delectation but one that owes its fruits to the provisions of human care and solicitation. That is also why human culture in its manifold domestic, institutional, and poetic expressions owes its flowering to the seed of a fallen Adam. Immortal life with Kalypso or in Elysium or in the garden of the sun has its distinct appeal, to be sure, yet human beings hold nothing more dear than what they bring into being, or maintain in being, through their own cultivating efforts. This despite the fact that many among us still consider our expulsion from Eden a curse rather than a blessing.
When Dante reaches the Garden of Eden at the top of the mountain of Purgatory, he brings his full humanity with him into that recovered earthly paradise, having gained entrance to it by way of a laborious moral self-discipline that took him down through the circles of hell and up the reformatory terraces of Purgatory. Nor does his journey reach its endpoint in Eden, for it continues up through the celestial spheres toward some other more exalted garden: the great celestial rose of the heavenly Empyrium. Yet never once during his journey does the poet-pilgrim lose or forfeit the human care in his heart. Even in the upper reaches of Paradise, the fate of human history—what human beings make of it through their own devotion or dereliction—remains his paramount concern. In particular it is the fate of Italy, which Dante calls the “garden of the empire,” which dominates the poet’s concern throughout the poem. To speak of Italy as a garden that is being laid to waste through neglect and moral turpitude takes the garden out of Eden and puts it back onto a mortal earth, where gardens come into being through the tending of human care and where they are not immune from the ravages of winter, disease, decay, and death. If Dante is a quintessentially human poet, it is because the giardino dello ’mperio mattered more to him in the end than either Eden or the celestial Rose. If we are not able to keep our garden, if we are not able to take care of our mortal human world, heaven and salvation are vain.
To affirm that the fall was a repatriation and a blessing is not to deny that there is an element of curse in the human condition. Care burdens us with many indignities. The tragedies that befall us (or that we inflict upon ourselves) are undeniably beyond all natural proportion. We have a seemingly infinite capacity for misery. Yet if the human race is cursed, it is not so much because we have been thrown into suffering and mortality, nor because we have a deeper capacity for suffering than other creatures, but rather because we take suffering and mortality to be confirmations of the curse rather than the preconditions of human self-realization. At the same time, we have a tendency to associate this putative curse with the earth, to see the earth as the matrix of pain, death, corruption, and tragedy rather than the matrix of life, growth, appearance, and form. It is no doubt a curse that we do not properly value what has been freely given as long as we are its daily beneficiaries.
Achilles, who had a warrior’s contempt for life while he lived, must die and enter Hades before coming to realize that a slave living under the sun is more blessed than any lord of the dead. When Odysseus attempts to console him during his visit to the underworld, Achilles will have none of it: “O shining Odysseus,” he says, “never try to console me for dying. / I would rather follow the plow as thrall to another / man, one with no land allotted him and not much to live on, / than be a king over all the perished dead” (11.488û91). The slave is happier than the shade not because he is laboring under the sun but because he is under the sun, that is to say on the earth. To the dead Achilles, the former seems like a small price to pay for the latter (“I am no longer there under the light of the sun,” he declares regretfully [498]). That such knowledge almost invariably comes too late is part of care’s curse. Care engages and commits us, yet it also has a way of blinding us. Achilles’ eyes are open for a moment, but even in death they close quickly again when his passions are enflamed. In no time at all, while speaking to Odysseus, he imagines himself back in the world of the living not as a slave but as his former formidable and destructive self, killing his enemies and perpetuating the cycle of reciprocal violence: “[I] am not the man I used to be once, when in wide Troad / I killed the best of their people, fighting for the Argives. If only / for a little while I could come like that to the house of my father, / my force and invincible hands would terrify such men / as use force on him and keep him away from his rightful honors” (499û504). That our cares bind us so passionately to our living world, that they are so tenacious as to continue to torment us after death, and that they blind us to the everyday blessings we so sorely miss once we lose them—this suggests that there may be something incorrigible in our nature which no amount of self-cultivation will overcome or transfigure. It is impossible to know for sure, for the story of human care has not yet come to an end.






以「鳶尾花」(Iris)為名的英國哲學家和小說家莫道格(Iris Murdock),一九九九年辭世前,也是花展常客。她曾說,「一個從沒有花和植物星球來的人,看到我們對花草,充滿如此狂愛的喜悅,一定認為我們瘋了!」【江靜玲】

花園的哲理


本書的翻譯也是問題多多
引用許多作家 不過都不附原文
譬如說 H. Hesse 中國通譯 "黑塞" 而本書為"海塞" 接著是"海賽"
eudaimonic (p.12) 和 eudaimonia (p.186) 後者詳說



Table of Contents

1. Taking Gardens Seriously
2. Art or Nature?
3. Art-and-Nature
4. Gardens, People, and Practices
5. Gardens and the Good Life
6. The Meaning of Gardens
7. The Garden as Epiphany
8. Conclusion: The Garden's Distinction

A Philosophy of Gardens

ISBN13: 9780199290345ISBN10: 0199290342 Hardback, 184 pages

Also available:

Paperback
Mar 2006, In Stock

Price:

$45.00 (06)

Description

Why do gardens matter so much and mean so much to people? That is the intriguing question to which David Cooper seeks an answer in this book. Given the enthusiasm for gardens in human civilization ancient and modern, Eastern and Western, it is surprising that the question has been so long neglected by modern philosophy. Now at last there is a philosophy of gardens. David Cooper identifies garden appreciation as a special human phenomenon distinct from both from the appreciation of art and the appreciation of nature. He discusses the contribution of gardening and other garden-related pursuits to "the good life." And he distinguishes the many kinds of meanings that gardens may have, from their representation of nature to their spiritual significance. A Philosophy of Gardens will open up this subject to students and scholars of aesthetics, ethics, and cultural and environmental studies, and to anyone with a reflective interest in things horticultural.

Reviews

"Cooper's thoughful and engaging book is indeed A Philosophy of Gardens -- his rather unique and stimulating way of conceptualizing how, carefully reflected upom, gardening practices and appreciation can engender an epiphany of sorts on the mysteries of existence."--Donald Crawford, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews

2026年5月2日 星期六

林郁庭(「特殊」的天分,六國語言,是一個很會「講故事」的人) 《夢.遊者》 馬可孛羅,2012 分成五個部份--巴黎鱗爪、法國風情、歐遊雜記、北美遊蹤、亞洲視野──一 半篇幅講法國與歐洲,1/4談我在舊金山灣區的生活而以911做結,最後1/4談我回國之後,以新的、幾乎外國人的眼光看台灣與亞洲各鄰國,饒有趣味。」 。 Bloomberg Businessweek 彭博商周中文版面世2013-6-26/

  林郁庭(「特殊」的天分,六國語言,是一個很會「講故事」的人) 《夢.遊者》 馬可孛羅,2012   分成五個部份--巴黎鱗爪、法國風情、歐遊雜記、北美遊蹤、亞洲視野──一 半篇幅講法國與歐洲,1/4談我在舊金山灣區的生活而以911做結,最後1/4談我回國之後,以新的、幾乎外國人的眼光看台灣與亞洲各鄰國,饒有趣味。」 。 Bloomberg Businessweek 彭博商周中文版面世2013-6-26/ 



這本書可能是楊澤博士編 的
夢.遊者

夢.遊者

 林郁庭是一個很會「講故事」的人,任何再平凡、再微小、再無味的點滴,透過她的玲瓏慧心與如椽妙筆,曾有過的足跡都化成一篇篇動人的精采隨筆,而,厲害的是,它--不再屬於個人,皆成了你我生活與情感會有的面向與渴盼。
  作者擁有一個「飄泊」的靈魂,從歐洲到北美,從香港到上海,處處為家,天寬地闊;作者擁有一個「特殊」的天分,六國語言,是騰飛的利器,讓她自 由的來去,翻看不一樣的世界--而透過她的文字,給了讀者更具深度與角度的世界。如她自己所說:「它記述了我在國外十年的點點滴滴,除了我旅法旅美生活的 文化觀察、飲食記事、電影、時尚、風土人情等等,也是生命裡珍貴的過往。



我把它分成五個部份--巴黎鱗爪、法國風情、歐遊雜記、北美遊蹤、亞洲視野──一 半篇幅講法國與歐洲,1/4談我在舊金山灣區的生活而以911做結,最後1/4談我回國之後,以新的、幾乎外國人的眼光看台灣與亞洲各鄰國,饒有趣味。」
  我們的行跡到不了的地方,旅人率先抵達,微觀各種的人事物。
  我們的想像難以企及之處,旅人以其細膩,層層剝除外在偽裝。
  不是浮光掠影,不是虛晃一招,旅人扎實生活,提供看世界的一種觀點。
  在林郁庭的文章裡,你會看到認真與自我生活所形成的品味氛圍,彷彿那些年、那些人、那些事都曾在你活過的瞬間,歷歷在目。「能說的,只有不痛不癢的安慰話語。如她生身立命的這城市,一切終會成為過去。生命寬厚還是無情,傷痕能否化為延續的動力,在天,在地,亦在己。」


作者簡介
林郁庭
  巴黎索邦大學博士候選人,美國柏克萊加州大學比較文學博士,曾獲中國時報人間新人獎。
  她興趣廣泛,好奇心旺盛。除了貓語外,還精通六國語言,旅美、法十載,視界都是異鄉,回到台灣也像在外國,只有作品永遠是自己的國度。
  恣意書寫電影、藝術、音樂、時尚、美食、旅遊文學、抒情詩篇、文化論述。小說《離魂香》入圍皇冠第六屆文學獎,更因此浸淫於調香世界。美食小說《愛無饜》入圍金鼎獎,反映作者逛菜場、做羹湯、切磋食藝的原初好食欲。

目錄

前言:三少四壯……
輯一 巴黎鱗爪巴黎的四季
法國房東群像
玫瑰人生
小閣樓的攝影師
阿拉伯王子
我愛生蠔
日本女孩戀巴黎
蕩婦遊街
時尚巴黎夢
彩虹情人節
電影在巴黎
輯二 法國風情法式婚宴
國民料理
法式料理……
隨貞德而行
布列塔尼
桃色腥聞
法式誘惑
美國入侵?!
薄酒來兮
巴黎女孩下鄉記
啊,地中海
輯三 歐遊雜記運河.鬱金香.櫥窗女郎
終身之約
柏林風景
童話之末
慕尼黑啤酒節
魔法威士忌
龐貝幽魂
面具狂歡節
從巴黎到伊斯坦堡
輯四 北美遊蹤重返舊金山
霧都剪影
柏克萊精神
UC Theater
Chez Panisse
戀戀酒鄉
巧克力戰爭
千里猶他行
死谷絕境
紐約,紐約
千禧夜在舊金山
泡沫經濟
九一一之後
輯五 亞洲視野臺北,巴黎
內衣小姐
婦科歷險記
窩心火鍋城
滑頭上海人
澳門今昔
香港賽馬
添好運的米其林一星
滑雪紀行
從一包新竹米粉說起
三代切仔麵
松露故鄉的豎琴手
後記

前言
三少四壯……
  惡犬狂吠聲大作,提貓籠的女子跟寵物一齊豎起寒毛,少婦懷裡的嬰兒睜大骨碌碌的眼,一時忘了涕泣。
  我切斷自己最不擾人卻引人注目的手機答鈴,提不起勁回覆朋友促狹的善意──一會兒簡訊進來了。生日快樂,妳在香港吧!恭祝四十不惑。
  再怎麼禪思哲理以對,要自己不為數字所惑,每一個從九到○的過程,都是關口。一個十年走過一個十年,從迫不及待想成長的不耐,走入風飄萬點正愁 人的思春期,到開始疑慮自己是否年華盛極轉衰,以致必須接受中年迫近的焦慮。一票不惑已久的老友摩拳擦掌──像是觀照瀕臨滅種的野生動物,好不容易等到最 後一隻在絕跡邊緣──準備慶祝(不是為了壽星,而是竊喜大家終於變成同一國的,再沒人可以大言不慚地誇耀青春年少),我卻選擇於前夕出逃,悄悄來到一個熟 悉又陌生的城市,拜訪只知道我生於開春之交,卻搞不清何時的W。
  翌日天氣甚佳。我們走進大嶼山島無數登山步道的一支,沿溪而上,蓊鬱的綠蔭遮去無窮生機的蹤影,然鳥語蟲鳴高低起落、交織似錦,毫不費力蓋過低 水期溪石怯怯的私語。往來所遇多為外人,偶有黃皮膚映入眼簾,對方黯沉的臉立即亮起來,不住揮手招呼──大多香港人於茶樓商場餐聚血拼,或是跑馬地下注廝 殺之際,竟有健行的同好,分外感到親切。「香港人不像台灣人好客淳善形見於色,但是冷漠的外表下,其實隱藏了濃厚的人情味。」W這麼說。
  登高望遠,也望來時路;豁然開朗,遂忘行間淒迷。困守餐桌與精品之前的訪客,多半不識香港熱帶海洋的豔色,港片中偶見起伏山巒環抱曲折海灣,島 影點點,散落如星,還以為是電影藝術喚起的幻境。午後陽光稍收,翡翠色澤的海水濛上薄紗,孤島漸次遠去,墨色濃淡層層暈開,好一幅寫意的海上仙山。
  來到大澳恰是日暮時分,隨著一群不識傳統漁村的都會男女,興高采烈地乘船出遊,探訪白海豚蹤跡。看時波平如鏡,身臨其境方知乘風破浪之快,海豚半尾也未見,鄰座「好驚啊」哀號不斷中,瞥見背鰭般一閃而逝的白色細浪。
  那天晚上,我偷偷寫了封謝函給W,感謝他於生日當天帶我上山下海,幫我過度這個關口。隔天只見他慌忙翻箱倒櫃,找出一本適合六歲以上閱讀的七彩圖畫書,略帶靦腆地送我做禮物──在巴黎買的,他說。我一翻開,一尾飛天的金魚滿空盤旋,作弄齜牙咧嘴的貓咪。
  三少四壯。回首來時,生命當真沒有虧待我。在巴黎尋夢與自由,夢醒了反倒更能自在地沈醉;恐怖主義襲擊世貿中心,經歷柏克萊新一波反戰風潮,毅 然離開拿納稅人的錢挑起戰事的帝國,回到故鄉。如今仍適合「神魚怪貓大戰」的我,在對於逐夢人毫不溫存的當世,尚未失去赤子之心。不惑與否,已無所謂。
 *****


《彭博商業周刊/中文版》精彩內容:
2013.10.30 – 2013.11.05 | 第19期


封面故事: 下一站,台灣
為何香港人要移民台灣?

深度報道: 的士App 中國燒錢戰
為爭生意,的士App平台隨時幾敗俱傷

全球經濟
●130億美元罰金 壓不倒摩根大通
●安倍經濟學劫貧濟富

公司與產業
●45分鐘定生死 香港密室逃脫遊戲紅
●美片衰退16% 中國人愛看國片

政治與政策
●沙田打造第一塊單車社區
●中國打貪腐 高端消費變臉

市場與金融
●美國地產復甦 中國富豪成推手
●信用卡公司爭奪緬甸處女地

科技
●蘋果iBeacon 跟蹤你更容易
●萬聖節必穿的恐怖數碼服裝

中國經濟
●信貸增長為何拉不動GDP?
●三四線城市救不了中國房地產

ETC
●音樂迷的夢幻工作


--------------------------------------------------
逢週三出版
香港各大便利店、書報攤有售
每本HK$28

由即日起至11月05日, 凡於7-11及 OK 便利店惠顧任何報紙+$20即可換購一本《彭博商業周刊/中文版》! (數量有限, 換完即止)



Bloomberg Businessweek, commonly and formerly known as BusinessWeek, is a weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L.P. Founded in 1929, the magazine was created to provide information and interpretation about what was happening in the business world. [2] It is currently headquartered in New York City.

Bloomberg L.P. Acquisition

BusinessWeek suffered a decline during the late-2000s recession as advertising revenues fell one-third by the start of 2009 and the magazine's circulation fell to 936,000. In July 2009, it was reported that McGraw-Hill was trying to sell BusinessWeek and had hired Evercore Partners to conduct the sale. Because of the magazine's liabilities, it was suggested that it might change hands for the nominal price of $1 to an investor who was willing to incur losses turning the magazine around.[8]
In late 2009, Bloomberg L.P. bought the magazine—for a reported $2 million to $5 million plus assumption of liabilities—and renamed it Bloomberg Businessweek.[9][10] Adler resigned as editor-in-chief and was replaced by Josh Tyrangiel, who had been deputy managing editor for TIME Magazine.[11] In early 2010, the magazine title was restyled Bloomberg Businessweek (with a lowercase "w") as part of a redesign.[12]

彭博商周中文版面世

2013-6-26 23:50:59
李澤楷成為雜誌首期的封面人物。
李澤楷成為雜誌首期的封面人物。
美國彭博通訊社今天在香港推出正體中文版《彭博商業周刊》,由著名文化評論人、《號外》主編張鐵志及作家許知遠擔任主筆。
《彭博商業周刊》的英文版被視為其中一本最具視野的西方財經刊物。彭博通訊社決定在香港推出其中文版,創刊號找來許知遠採訪電盈主席李澤楷,及刊載一一篇前美國中情局(CIA)職員斯諾登任職的公司,如何成為美國最賺錢的間諜機構的專題。
張鐵志在其facebook指,雜誌的內容以香港主導,有一定比例是關於台灣和中國,而編輯團隊來自香港、台灣兩地。每期有至少百分之五十的國際新聞,以進口方式在台灣售賣。
不過,出版業正面對嚴峻的營業環境。嚴肅題材的雜誌首當其衝,例如著名自然科學刊物、美國《國家地理雜誌》中文版於上年年末停刊;口碑極佳的《陽光時務週刊》,也在出版數月後回歸電子版及大幅精簡人手。看來,《彭博商業周刊》面對的挑戰不會比同儕少。

On Growth and Form by D'Arcy W. Thompson


   On Growth and Form by D'Arcy W. Thompson 

 On Growth and Form
我1986年翻譯、研究形之合成知道此書。後來取得牛津大學
出版社的版本。


On Growth and Form Paperback – June 15, 2011

Sir D'Arcy W. Thompson CB FRS FRSE (1860-1948) was a Scottish biologist, mathematician, and classics scholar. A pioneering mathematical biologist, he is mainly remembered as the author of ON GROWTH AND FORM, an influential work of striking originality and elegance.
The central theme of ON GROWTH AND FORM is that biologists of its author's day overemphasized evolution as the fundamental determinant of the form and structure of living organisms, and under-emphasized the roles of physical laws and mechanics.
Peter Medawar who was the 1960 Nobel Laureate in Medicine called ON GROWTH AND FORM "the finest work of literature in all the annals of science that have been recorded in the English tongue."




生長和形態

生長和形態
作者 : 達西·湯普森(D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson)
出版社:上海科學技術出版社原作名: On Growth and Form 譯者 : 袁麗琴出版年: 2003-1 頁數: 415 定價: 32.00元叢書: 生命旋梯書系ISBN: 9787532366972

內容簡介  · · · · · ·

作者簡介  · · · · · ·

達西·湯普森(D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson ,1860—1948)是蘇格蘭聖安德魯斯大學動物學教授,也許是本世紀最博學的人。

目錄  · · · · · ·

序——斯蒂芬·傑伊·古爾德(Stephen Jay Gould)
編者序——泰勒·邦納(Tyler Bonner)
第一章引言
第二章關於大小
第三章細胞的形態
第四章組織或胞團的形態
第五章針突和針突狀骨骼
第六章等角螺線
第七章角和牙、齒的形狀
第八章形態和機械效率
第九章變換論和相關形態的比較
第十章後記

2026年4月29日 星期三

the ideas and ongoing impact of Richard A. Posner.波斯納文叢《波纳文丛》总译序: 法律与文学;公共知识分子J udge Posner’s Gay Marriage Opinion PUBLIC INTELLECTUALS: A Study in Decline By Richard A. Posner 等等 中國「公知」如何被污名化

the ideas and ongoing impact of Richard A. Posner.波斯納文叢《波纳文丛》总译序:   法律与文学;公共知识分子J   udge Posner’s Gay Marriage Opinion PUBLIC INTELLECTUALS: A Study in Decline By Richard A. Posner 等等 中國「公知」如何被污名化


20260429
Last week, the Law School gathered to celebrate the ideas and ongoing impact of Richard A. Posner.
Among the tributes was a reflection from William “Bill” M. Landes, who shared memories from a decades-long friendship and collaboration with Judge Posner.



Judge Posner’s Gay Marriage Opinion Is a Witty, Deeply Moral Masterpiece
rtr34m77
Judge Richard Posner.
Photo by John Gress/Reuters
Last May, after the proudly independent U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III struck down Pennsylvania’s gay marriage ban, I wrote that the many judges slaying such bans seemed to be in subtle competition to write the one marriage equality opinion that history will remember. Since then, that competition has only grown fiercer, as an expanding roster of judges reaches new heights of eloquence and reason in their pro-equality opinions.
Mark Joseph SternMARK JOSEPH STERN
Mark Joseph Stern is a writer forSlate. He covers science, the law, and LGBTQ issues.
But Thursday’s ruling by 7th Circuit Judge Richard Posner, which struck down Indiana’s and Wisconsin’s gay marriage bans, is a different beast altogether. In his opinion, Posner does not sound like a man aiming to have his words etched in the history books or praised by future generations. Rather, he sounds like a man who has listened to all the arguments against gay marriage, analyzed them cautiously and thoroughly, and found himself absolutely disgusted by their sophistry and rank bigotry. The opinion is a masterpiece of wit and logic that doesn’t call attention to—indeed, doesn’t seem to care about—its own brilliance. Posner is not writing for Justice Anthony Kennedy, or for judges of the future, or even for gay people of the present. He is writing, very clearly, for himself.
Ironically, by writing an opinion so fixated on the facts at hand, Posner may have actually written the one gay marriage ruling that the Supreme Court takes to heartOther, more legacy-minded judges have attempted to sketch out a revised framework for constitutional marriage equality, granting gay people heightened judicial scrutiny and declaring marriage a fundamental right. But Posner isn’t interested in making new law: The statutes before him are so irrational, so senseless and unreasonable, that they’re noxious to the U.S. Constitution under almost any interpretation of the equal protection clause.
Posner’s opinion largely follows the points he made during his forceful, trenchant, deeply empathetic questioning at oral arguments. To his mind, there’s no question that gays constitute a “suspect class”—that is, a group of people with an immutable characteristic who have historically faced discrimination. Refreshingly, Posner performs a review of “the leading scientific theories” about homosexuality to illustrate that being gay isn’t a choice. (Compare this with Justice Antonin Scalia’s gay rights dissents, in which he suggests that there’s no such thing as a gay orientation at all and that “gay” people are just disturbed individuals performing debauched sex acts.)
This review is actually unnecessary, since both Indiana and Wisconsin conceded that gay people are born that way. But it serves to reinforce Posner’s analytical framework—basically, that a state can’t disadvantage a suspect class of people without a rational basis. Note that low bar: Not a compelling interest, or even a substantial one. If the states could only prove a rational interest in excluding gay people from marriage, their laws would pass constitutional muster.
And what are the states’ allegedly rational bases? At oral argument, the states repeatedly pressed the “responsible procreation” argument. Here’s Posner’s (quite accurate) summary of that defense:
[The] government thinks that straight couples tend to be sexually irresponsible, producing unwanted children by the carload, and so must be pressured (in the form of government encouragement of marriage through a combination of sticks and carrots) to marry, but that gay couples, unable as they are to produce children wanted or unwanted, are model parents—model citizens really—so have no need for marriage.
And here’s his own take on the argument:
Heterosexuals get drunk and pregnant, producing unwanted children; their reward is to be allowed to marry. Homosexual couples do not produce unwanted children; their reward is to be denied the right to marry. Go figure.
This is all very amusing. But Posner has a serious moral and legal point to make. The states’ arguments against gay marriage aren’t just irrational: They’re insulting, degrading, and downright cruel to the adopted children of gay couples. Posner describes this case as being, “at a deeper level,” about “the welfare of American children.” Two hundred thousand children are being raised by gay couples in America, including several thousand in Indiana and Wisconsin. Both states admit that children benefit psychologically and economically from having married parents. These facts would seem to suggest a compelling interest in support of gay marriage, since banning it actively, demonstrably harms children.
At oral argument, Posner pressed this point—one Justice Kennedy has made as well—and the state was unable to muster an intelligible retort.
When American courts overturn a precedent, rarely do individual judges switch sides; it is typically the court's evolving composition that enables a reversal. So it is very curious that Richard Posner, a judge on the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, is now walking back a decision he made in 2007 regarding the hot-button issue of voter-identification laws http://econ.st/1aDFhFW

波斯納文叢




公共知识分子
译者: 徐昕
作者: [美] 理查德·A. 波斯纳
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2002-12
这本书对公共知识分子的范围进行确定,阐述其类型、形式和风格,阐述了公共知识分子市场,并对作为公共知识分子的文学评论家等进行研究。



 Reflections on Judging | Richard A. Posner
“A deep and thought-provoking collection of insightful analyses of various aspects of being a judge, told from an insider’s perspective, but with appropriate and equally thoughtful caveats about the advantages and disadvantages of an insider’s account.” —Frederick Schauer, University of Virginia School of Law


PUBLIC INTELLECTUALS: A Study in Decline By Richard A. Posner Harvard University Press The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. It was established on January 13, 1913. In 2005, it published 220 new titles. , $29.95


Richard Allen Posner
(born January 11, 1939, in New York City)


公共知识分子:衰落之研究(波斯纳文丛)(Public Intellectuals)


·出版社:中国政法大学出版社
·页码:527 页
·出版日期:2002年01月

内容简介

translator's notes 说是后记,其实是一篇中记,乃是本人在翻译过程中突有感触和冲动之记载。
首 先,非常感谢苏力教授给我这个继续学习、研究波斯纳的机会。当然,这无疑也是一个品尝艰辛的机会,尤其是在这段也许可谓一生之中最繁忙劳累的时刻。而追 根溯源,还得感谢波斯纳法官(虽然他本人并不知道),是他的作品––––本人所翻译的《证据法的经济分析》––––使得我能够进入苏力先生的视野。进而, 波斯纳法官还慷慨地把他这本著作原稿的电子版发送给我,为本人翻译和文稿编辑、尤其是表格编排提供了便利,并节省了大量时间。
然而,我翻译它,也并非仅仅因为苏力教授的厚爱和指派,更为至关重要的,乃是因为爱。
这 是一本我喜爱的书。喜爱它,不只是因为它贴近本人广阔无际的兴趣;而且也由于波斯纳的慷慨陈词,就像其他公共知识分子一样,他说出了许多痛快淋漓的话 语,那是你、我、他都不敢说的话,有些,当然也是在下的肺腑之言;进而,他也为诸如本人这样一位积极接近“知识分子”目标的年轻人,提供了一些更加便捷地 追求声誉、以及避免声誉损失的路径,尽管他的话更多的是警醒和教训。此外,喜爱,还可以是无需诉诸理由、陈述原因的;喜爱,也可以仅仅只因为“波斯纳”这 个品牌;喜爱,还可仅仅只是––––以爱的名义。
我尊敬的导师,张卫平教授,对知识分子著述的广泛兴趣直接影响到我。这种影响和教诲,无论如何估计都是绝不过分的。而令人印象深刻的是,许久前他便说过,象“今日说法”这样的节目不可做得太多,即所谓“公共性越多,知识性越少”。
苏 力教授对译稿作了诸多校正,走此深表谢意,但是翻译的错漏当然由我个人负责。译者水平有限,请读者批评指正。我亲爱的兄弟、亲密的战友,徐昀,一年之 前,我们有过愉快的学术合作,共同翻译了波斯纳的《证据法的经济分析》。此番,他念及兄弟情谊,又给予大哥不胜枚举、不计名利、无私的共产主义援助。刚刚 得知,他考上清华大学法学院,并成为我正宗的师弟。他的导师是王亚新教授,王亚新先生于我而言,虽不据导师之名,却有谆谆教育之恩。北京工商大学的王琳小 姐,河北经贸大学的傅诚刚先生,为本人做了大量的辅助性工作,在此深表谢意。
我的夫人,郑晓静女士,最大限度地发挥了内助作用,同时也为 我分担了部分的文稿处理工作。尤其值得感激的,是在我埋头沿着崎岖的“智识”路径朝向“知识分 子”的山峰攀登之时,她,多年以来,近乎独立、悉心细致地培养和教育着一位未来的“知识分子”––––徐鉴劲小朋友。如今,我的儿子鉴劲,他的“智识性” 已经依稀可辩,朦胧之间,我似乎已然见到:那一丝聪慧、一丝天真、一丝狡诘、一丝启迪……他俨然就像是一位小小“公共知识分子”,几乎可以就一切的一切发 表高见,并视角独到,想像无限,且偶而还相当自信地声称,“你们连这也不知道?”这一切,朦胧而真实,在我翻译这本《公共知识分子》的时候,时常地浮现在 我的脑海之中,与那些世界著名知识分子的言论及其批判交织在一起……
应该交待的是,我的儿子生于公元1997年8月16日,快到5岁了。 由于学业繁忙,很少顾及他,欠了他好多好多礼物,故而想把这本书献给他,作为2002 年春天的祝福。不过,如同我的其他礼物一样,在春天承诺送出,也许要到秋天才能收到。和这礼物一道,我还打算送给他——那一片蓝蓝的大海……
故 事的发生是这样的:另外一位朋友,也姓王名琳,偶然之机会令我们相遇,他便是网络大虾天涯法网(请频繁点击: 当然,论及我儿子的智识性,那只是一种期望(也可算是幽了“公共知识分子”一默),正如我的父亲母亲对我的期望一样。本人之所以选择,并不断努力地接近“ 知识分子”之目标,乃是基于他们长期的培养和教育。虽然自从我十年前读研以后,便一直与父母分多聚少,但纵隔万水千山,他们连同他们的孙子,却一直构成了 我生活和学习的精神支柱。

作者简介 波 斯纳(1939年-—),先后以第一名毕业于耶鲁大学文学系(1959)和哈佛法学院(1962)。曾任联邦最高法院大法官助手、政府律师、斯坦福大学法 学院副教授、芝加哥大学法学院教授和讲座教授。1981年出任联邦第七巡回区上诉法院至今(1993-2000任首席法官),同时担任芝加哥大学法学院高 级讲师。
“他是著述最丰的联邦法官,前无古人。任职上诉法院、仍属最高产的法学家之列,同样前无古人。如果以引证率测试影响力,那么当仁不让,波斯纳是在世的最有影响的法学家”(莱西格语)。

POSNER, RICHARD ALLEN

"[A] pragmatic approach [to lawisone] that is practical and instrumental rather than essentialistinterested in what works and what is useful rather than in what 'really' is. It is therefore forward-looking, valuing continuity with the past only so far as such continuity can help us cope with problems of the present and the future."
Richard A. Posner
Author, legal scholar, and federal judge, Richard A. Posner is one of the most influential and controversial figures in contemporary American law. Posner rose to prominence first in academia in the early 1970s, when he championed economic analysis of the law. With his faith in free-market capitalism and the goal of economic efficiency, he became one of the leaders of the so-called chicago school of antitrust theory, whose ideas left a broad mark on this area of law over the next decade and a half. In 1981, Posner was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, and in 1993 he became its chief judge. In addition to issuing more than
double the national average of judicial opinions annually, Posner has continued to publish many articles and books that range across legal, social, and intellectual topics.
Posner's ascent began immediately after his graduation from Harvard Law School in 1962. After he graduated first in his class, he clerked for U.S. Supreme Court Justice william j. brennan jr., who reportedly regarded him as one of the few geniuses he had ever known. A career as a government attorney followed, with stints on the federal trade commission (FTC); in the department of justice, working for solicitor general thurgood marshall; and in President lyndon johnson's administration. During this time, Posner also served on a highly visible american bar association commission that evaluated the FTC, which established him as a strong supporter of free-market capitalism and a critic of federal regulation.
In 1968, Posner left government service for academia. He taught at Stanford Law School for a year before leaving for the University of Chicago, where he would soon make his mark as a leading legal theorist. Economics served as the foundation for his approach; like adherents of the nineteenth-century Utilitarian movement in english law, Posner believed firmly in the values of the free market and individual initiative. Many legal problems, he argued, were best approached using economic models of analysis, including those in areas that were not directly related to economics, such as criminal and constitutional law. The approach also had implications for public policy. In one widely cited example, Posner argued that the system of child adoption would be improved if parental rights were sold, because it would reduce the imbalance between supply and demand. Although some critics accused Posner of reducing complexities to simple matters of dollars and cents, his 1972 book Economic Analysis of Law became standard reading in many law schools over the next two decades.
During the 1970s, Posner became a leader of the Chicago School of antitrust theory. This was a group of scholars, (mostly associated with the University of Chicago) who, like Posner, held antiregulatory and free-market views. The Chicago School sought to turn antitrust lawwhich is concerned with fair competition in businesson its head. At the heart of their arguments was the goal of economic efficiency. Posner and others urged the U.S. Supreme Court to abandon its critical view on so-called restraints of trade because business practices that had been thought to hurt competition actually helped it. Their theories had considerable impact on the Court and U.S. corporations for the next decade and a half.
Meanwhile, Posner's visibility grew. He published a prodigious amount of writing, established Lexecon, Inc.a consulting firm specializing in economics and the lawand founded the Journal of Legal Studies. Then political fortune smiled on him: the administration of President ronald reagan saw Posner and other members of the Chicago School as its intellectual bedfellows, providing theoretical muscle to its antiregulatory politics. In 1981, Reagan nominated Posner to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, in Chicago.
The appointment provoked debate. In a decade and a half, Posner had accumulated a number of enemies in academia, nearly all of them on the political left. Although he considered himself a classical liberal in the tradition of john stuart mill, his ideas struck opponents as crass, latter-day conservatism. Leading the attack was ronald dworkin, the prominent liberal professor of jurisprudence at New York University Law School and Oxford University.
Posner struck back, accusing his opponents in the professoriat of being afraid to take stands in their own work. However, he announced that he would avoid imposing his theoretical views from the bench.
As an appellate judge, Posner has defied the labels that his critics have applied to him. Some of his opinions have a conservative bent: In Dimeo v. Griffin, 943 F.2d 679 (7th Cir. 1991), for example, Posner wrote for an en banc majority that upheld mandatory drug testing for jockeys and others in horse racing, favoring the state of Illinois's interest in requiring the testing. Some of his other opinions have been more liberal: In Metzl v. Leininger, 57 F.3d 618 (7th Cir. 1995), Posner wrote an opinion that declared unconstitutional an Illinois law requiring schools to close on Good Friday, holding that the law violated the Establishment Clause of the first amendment. Some of his opinions have employed his fascination for economics: In a 1986 case, American Hospital Supply Corp. v. Hospital Products Limited, 780 F.2d 589, he provided a mathematical formula for determining when preliminary injunctions should be denied:
if the harm to the plaintiff if the injunction is denied, multiplied by the probability that the plaintiff will win at trial, exceeds the harm to the defendant if the injunction is granted, multiplied by the probability that granting the injunction would be an error.
Most notably, he has authored a much greater number of judicial opinions than have his peers on the federal bench. By 1994, he had averaged 77 opinions annually, as compared with the national average of 28.
Since the 1980s, Posner has exerted a strong influence on legal thought. He has argued against popular conservative criticism that judges are too aggressive and activist, asserting that judges must be able to exercise interpretative discretion. Besides being widely read and debated in academia, he found a popular audience with his 1992 book Sex and Reason, a critical analysis of sexual behavior. Posner is also a leading contributor to the law and literature movement, impressing critics and supporters alike with his knowledge of jurisprudence and literary theory.
Although Posner stepped down as chief judge of the Seventh Circuit in 2000, he has remained visible. In 1999, U.S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson named Posner to serve as a mediator in the Microsoft antitrust lawsuit that the federal government had brought. Posner was outspoken about the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in bush v. gore, 531 U.S. 98, 121 S. Ct. 525, 148 L. Ed. 2d 388 (2000), where the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Florida Supreme Court could not constitutionally order a recount of thousands of votes for the 2000 presidential elections. In Breaking the Deadlock, Posner finds that the decision was abominable, but that the judgment was necessary to avoid a constitutional crisis.
Along with Economic Analysis of the Law, several of Posner's books are widely read among academics, including Economics of Justice, Law and Literature, and Antitrust Law. Posner has received numerous honorary degrees, including the degree of doctor of laws from Yale University, Georgetown University, the University of Pennsylvania, Syracuse University, and Duquesne University. He also has received numerous awards and has served in a variety of capacities in several scholarly and professional organizations.
Posner is married to the former Charlene Horn. They have two sons and three grandchildren.

further readings

Margolick, David M. 1981. "Ally and Foe Admire Bench Nominee." New York Times (November 20).
Posner, Richard A. 2000. The Collected Essays of Richard A. Posner. Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar.
. 1987. "What Am I? A Potted Plant?" The New Republic (September 28).
. 1977. Economic Analysis of the Law. Boston: Little, Brown.
Rosen, Jeffrey. 1995. "Overcoming Law" (book review). Yale Law Journal 105.




目录


《波纳文丛》总译序
当,还是不当,这是一个问题 (代译序)
引言
第一编 一般理论与经验主义分析
第一章 范围的确定
什么是公共知识分子?
类型:形式和风格
第二章 公共知识分子市场
需求
供给
市场均衡
市场失灵?
第三章 关注与洞察
第四章预测与影响
无人记录
公共知识分子的影响
第五章 公共越多,智识越少
附录:搜索和评估程序
第二编 类型研究
第六章 作为公共知识分子的文学评论
第七章 政治讽刺文学
第八章 悲观主义学派
第九章 公共哲学家
第十章 公共知识分子与法律
结论 市场的改进
致谢
索引
译后记

劉瑜對談慕容雪村(上):「公知」如何被污名化

Li Songshu For The New York Times
政治學學者劉瑜和作家慕容雪村應紐約時報中文網之邀對談。

新書《觀念的水位》自序中,中國政治學學者劉瑜說她所試圖傳達的是對於“國家之頑固”,“普通人之麻木”,以及“知識分子之矜驕”的不滿。這本書是她近兩三年的專欄和隨筆集,延續以往著作的風格:以大眾為讀者,普及政治學常識,淺近明晰,且充滿諷喻、自嘲和冷幽默。
“如果現實進步太慢,一個思考真問題的人只能不斷敲擊同一堵牆,做個嘮嘮叨叨的‘祥林嫂’”。劉瑜在《貴族范兒》一篇中這樣寫。馬克思·韋伯指出政治是“用力而緩慢穿透硬木板的工作”,劉瑜或許將自己比作不斷穿透木板的“祥林嫂”式公共知識分子角色。
與劉瑜一樣,慕容雪村也重視啟蒙的作用。在作家身份之外,他同時是有影響力的公共知識分子。在新浪微博上擁有三百萬以上的追隨者,他的大多數批評政府、強調法治和公正的微博,轉發都數以千計。
慕容雪村近年來不斷在中國各大學作演講,最近一場是在香港大學發表了《如秋水長天》的演講,再次批評了極權、政府腐敗和虛偽的愛國主義。
“公共知識分子”,簡稱“公知”,在中國面臨著“污名化”的現象。在社交網絡上,有“你們全家都是公知”這種說法,這個詞正在變成一個可笑、可憐甚至是罵人的詞彙。
2013年年初,劉瑜和慕容雪村應紐約時報中文網的邀請進行了一次對談,他們談論了“公知”如何被一步步污名化,同時他們認為“公知現象”並未受到 影響,因為公知推動公共議題的功能依然在起作用,他們對於政治常識的重申並非沒有成效,中國公民社會“觀念的水位”逐漸上漲,最終公眾生活觀念、政治觀念 的改變會指向社會的變革。
以下為對談實錄,為了閱讀效果,對談經過縮減和編輯。
慕容雪村:我特別想問劉瑜一個問題,當你被叫做“民主女神”,“公知”,在公知漸漸被污名化,變成一個壞詞的時候,你有沒有感覺到不滿?
劉瑜:我會為“公知”這個現象受到的待遇感到不滿,感到挺憤怒;但是我個人倒沒什麼,愛叫公知就叫唄,現在還有人叫“母知”,我都沒那麼在意。而且公知這個現象並沒有被污名化打倒,這個群體在設定公共議題、引領價值走向方面的功能不但沒有喪失,而且還非常強大。
慕容雪村:我自己的經驗,有那麼一瞬間,罵的人多了,有點受傷。但是接下來,我會更加堅定地承認自己是“公知”。以前我不愛承認,因為覺得自己沒什麼學問,當知識分子不夠格,但是從公知變成一個壞詞之後,我開始頻繁稱呼自己為公知。
劉瑜:我非常理解。當別人問我,你是公知嗎?我會猶豫,但並不是因為這個詞不好,而是因為有時候我懷疑自己是不 是夠格。公知首先要有足夠的公共性,其次要有足夠的知識。以前我覺得公知得是像薩特(Jean Paul Sartre),克魯格曼(Paul R. Krugman)這樣的人,他們的專業知識非常紮實,對公共的影響力又極大。但是在公知污名化的情況下,他們給我貼這個標籤,要是我反駁說我不是公知,反 倒顯得我害怕。其實根本沒有這樣的想法。
慕容雪村:到底什麼是“公知”?我覺得在中國目前的情況下,公知是這樣一群人:願意對公共事務發言,有一定的洞 察力,有一點基本的知識儲備。因為中國是一個千奇百怪的社會,大多數公共事件都指向這個糟糕的體制,所以做公知基本上就意味着批評政府,用官方的話說,這 就是一群“別有用心”的人。
劉瑜:公共事務,大致來說可以分成兩類:一種就是不需要什麼專業知識的背景,就可以通過常識分清楚對錯的。你只 需要嘗試思考,就知道審查部門對報紙媒體的粗暴干涉、動則髮禁令刪稿是不對的;再比如說唐慧事件,一個人11歲的女兒被姦汙了而她在告狀過程中卻被勞教 了,這個處境真的需要很多專業知識才能分清對錯?再比如任建宇因為在微博上說了幾句話就被關押,這明顯不對。 但是還有另一類事情,需要一些專業知識背景,比如說涉及化工廠、轉基因、PM2.5的事件,還包括一些經濟問題等等。
我覺得公知被污名化,需要追溯它的原因。部分原因可能確實是有一些所謂的“公知”,在一些需要專業知識背景的問題上,非常輕率地發言,導致很多人覺 得你這人說話不負責任、越界。也有一些公知情緒化,對不同意見表現出來的暴跳如雷,讓一些人心生反感。但是不能找到公知群體里最不堪的那一兩個人攻擊全 體,就像不能因為幾個河南人的作為而攻擊整個河南,要是採用這種辯論策略,那你就是戰無不勝的,因為每一個群體裡面,都有一些說話不夠嚴謹的人,或者偶爾 說話不嚴謹的。但無論如何,在這個意義上對公知群體的批評未嘗不是好事。但是,因為公知在一些具有專業背景的問題上發言不夠謹慎,繼而推斷所有人都不應該 在那些只具有道德常識性的問題上發言,發言就是越界,看不慣人們在任建宇事件、南周事件上發言,我覺得這就是矯枉過正,甚至混淆是非了。
慕容雪村:在中國的公共言論平台上,人們對發言者有近乎完美的要求,除了觀點正確,你的私生活也必須無可挑剔, 人們或許是無心,或許是有意,總是不加鑒別地把這二者混為一談,一方面出了問題,另一方面也會受到牽累。如果你的私生活有瑕疵,那麼你的觀點也就不值得重 視。如果你的某個觀點出了問題,那麼你的所有觀點都值得懷疑。最這幾年,“公知”這個詞有點江河日下的感覺,開始只是一部分人批評詆毀,到後來幾乎所有人 都加入其中。從攻擊的集團化、密集程度來看,我很懷疑這是一次有組織的、有準備的行動,是一個處心積慮的過程。看中國這六十多年的歷史,每當要打倒一些 人,都會有事前的輿論準備。“公知污名化”差不多也是這樣,只不過到了互聯網時代,其手段和花樣顯得較為新穎。我們這個政府最“了不起”的一點就是——它 永遠都在學習,永遠與時俱進。它所採取的辦法,在十幾年前我肯定想不到:它建成了全球技術最先進的防火牆,成功地把 Google,Twitter,Facebook擋在牆外;它堅持走群眾路線,發動無業人員和青年學生為自己辯護,同時也攻擊自己的敵人,所謂“五毛黨” 計劃;它建設了全球最龐大的敏感詞庫。前一段時間因為“南方周末事件”,“南、方、周、末”四個字全都成了敏感詞。你知道中國姓方的和姓周的加起來有多少 人嗎?姓方的約有五百萬人,姓周的有兩千五百萬人。因為南周事件,有三千萬人不能說出自己的名字。
“公知污名化”的過程還伴隨着嘲諷,有些段子很聰明,這裡講一個:老師教學生識字,老師說,鳳凰這個詞吧,鳳是公的,凰是母的。學生說,哦,公鳳配 母凰。老師說,鴛鴦這個詞,鴛是公的,鴦是母的。學生說,哦,公鴛配母鴦。老師說,蜘蛛這個詞吧,蜘是公的,蛛是母的……(笑)。我不能說這段子是“五毛 黨”攻擊公知的一部分,沒有證據。但嘲諷公知、詆毀公知已經成為一個潮流, 普通人也加入到這個潮流來,最終把公知變成可笑、可憐的一個詞。
劉瑜:我發現很多嘲笑公知的人,其實自己就是公知,但是他們可能是被邊緣化的公知,或者說所謂的“二線公知”。 他們對公知的嘲笑是最猛烈的,真要是只關心風花雪月或者柴米油鹽的“非公知們”,好像也沒誰對公知那麼忿忿然。你看吳法天就在那裡嘲笑公知,他不就是典型 的公知嗎?有一點知識和專業背景,就公共話題頻頻發言,然後試圖影響民意甚至政策,這不就是公知嗎。但是他罵公知罵得很厲害。
慕容雪村:一旦一個詞被污名化以後,它一定會面臨詞義擴大或者縮小的問題,其內涵和外延都會有變化。“公知”這 個詞在吳法天這一類人那裡有更加狹窄的定義:批評政府這一派人。他們把讚美政府的人從“公知”這個詞里剔除出來了。我們還可以注意到,“五毛”和“公知” 這個詞幾乎是同時出現的。
與此同時,“公知”這個詞又被濫用了,外延擴得太大。談到知識分子,中國在過去的六十年里一直沒有做一個區分,比如把專業技術人員也當成知識分子,其實這兩者並不完全是一回事。
劉瑜:其實對於公共事務發言,這是一個公民基本的權利甚至義務,這和你是不是知識分子或者有沒有專業背景沒有太 大的關係。就因為你發言了,就說你是被污名化之後的“公知”,欲加之罪何患無辭。就像姚晨或者伊能靜的某些發言,不平則鳴而已,非被說是想當公知,或者說 想炒作自己才這樣說,其實就是藝人因為正義感說了幾句話而已,那些因為自己缺乏正義感而無法理解這種正義感的人非要覺得這裡有什麼陰謀炒作作秀,挺可悲 的。
慕容雪村:就事論事的能力,這個能有多難?其實真的很簡單。在網上,人們經常會把一個人的意見和他的風度混為一談,司馬南、胡錫進在網上就表現得有風度,但是你要仔細看他們的觀點。
劉瑜:同時還要避免“避重就輕”。比如“南周事件”以後,吳法天就會一直盯着到底那段話是不是庹震寫的,對他來 說這個是最重要的事實,好像如果不是他本人寫的,南周事件背後的言論審查問題就不是問題了似的;但對我來說,這個事實的確重要,不過更重要的是背後的審查 制度,以及審查制度造成的積怨。就好比說,他只關心到底這個人是打了你588拳還是589拳,如果你說588拳你撒謊了,那你就是一個卑鄙下流的人。
慕容雪村:如同一個人拿槍殺人了,他並不關心殺人這個事實,他特別關心這把槍是勃朗寧牌的還是國產的五四、六四。假如你把這個槍的牌子搞錯了,他就說你在撒謊,如果一個細節出了問題,他就會認為殺人這件事都是假的。這是吳法天的一個典型思維。
有一次我在廣東演講,有一個人提出了“如果我們罔顧事實,那豈不是和他們一樣?”我說百分百的真實有時候比我們想像中要難得多。觀察事物的角度不 同,往往就意味着不同版本的事實,兩個人打架,如果你只能看到其中的一個人,見他不斷揮拳踢腳,你很可能就會說他在施暴,但如果看到全貌,那就是在鬥毆。 以記者報道為例,假如你引用當事人的回憶,那麼他的回憶可能並不完全符合事實,即使他的記憶準確無誤,他的敘述、記者的理解、直到最後寫成報道,也會使事 實有所出入。一個事件,如果你要求所有的細節都百分之百的符合事實,這個非常難。但要點就是,不能因為有一些細小的出入,就去懷疑整個事實。
劉瑜:哪怕你去關心細節的事實,我覺得這沒錯,但是你能不能在關心細節事實之外,把更大的圖景給呈現出來。就是 說,在承認一件事的價值重要性上應該有個比例感。不能因為發現了描述上的漏洞,就把所有其它的論述都給推翻。這是一種避重就輕的詭辯術,而且在這種詭辯中 還可能生出個人英雄主義的那種悲壯感。
慕容雪村:我看你的新書《觀念的水位》里有一篇講“貴族范兒”,說得是不關心公共事務的知識分子,你怎麼看這些人?
劉瑜:不關心公共事務沒有什麼不好,生活里很多這樣的人。但是他們如果反過來,極盡全力地挖苦、諷刺、打擊這些 願意為公共事務發言的人,這讓我挺遺憾的。在中國這樣的社會裡面,願意為公共事務發言的人,還真的需要一定的勇氣和犧牲,像冉雲飛。大家可以不去扮演公知 的角色,但是若要反過來挖苦諷刺落井下石,這個我不能接受。
慕容雪村:前些天我發表了一篇關於大饑荒的文章,有個記者來採訪我,談到這個問題:比如在我身邊的某地,發生了一件人道主義慘案,我當然有權利說我不關心這個事情,然後回家聽我的古典音樂,看我的卡佛。但是,假如我對自己還有基本的道德要求,我就很難對此熟視無睹。
劉瑜:對,你需要刻意迴避,才能做到視而不見。就好像在暴風驟雨中假裝陽光明媚,這裡面有一種不誠實。假如在一 兩件事情上不關心公共話題很正常,如果在所有的事情上都能做到視而不見,這就是一種刻意的逃避。說得難聽點,也許在某種意義上是判斷力有限,看不到那個事 情和自身生活的關聯。比如說,有人評價“南周事件”,說只有知識分子才關心言論自由,和我們有什麼關係?這種看法就是分析能力不足。《南方周末》所爭取的 自由,並不僅僅是編輯的自由,《南周》是個平台,上訪的人需要這個平台,強拆的人需要這個平台,任建宇要講他的冤案需要這個平台……這些自由並不是編輯的 自由,是整個社會的自由,也包括你的自由。所以我覺得,能做到永遠不討論公共時政話題的人,要麼是刻意的逃避,要麼是分析能力有限。
慕容雪村:我開始在微博發言可能就是一個例子。我是被激怒了。我特別佩服劉瑜老師那樣,始終是心平氣和的,我就 做不到這一點。以前我不怎麼關心公共事務,像劉瑜老師批評的“貴族范兒”,我多多少少有一點,因為我覺得,文學比政治有更長久的生命。但是後來先是譚作人 被抓,我和他只見過一面,還談不上朋友,這時我還可以不說話;然後是冉雲飛被抓,他是我特別好的朋友,這個時候我不能不說話了。另一個是在出版我那本傳銷 實錄《中國少了一味葯》,和編輯不停爭吵,他一定要我刪除一些字、一些詞、一些句子、一些段話,那些真敏感的還可以理解,但那些無傷大雅的他也一定要逼着 我刪改,而且改一次還不行,要改兩次、三次、無數次,這真正激怒了我。生活在中國這樣的國家,我想每個人都多多少少有點屈辱感。你開車走在路上,突然有輛 軍警車擠到前面別你一下;你開個小公司,天天要應付那些收稅的、辦證的、檢查消防和衛生的;你是個機關辦事員,每天參加各種無聊的會議,聽着各式各樣的屁 話;更重要的是,你是一個公民,每天面對着難以計數的胡話、昏話和謊話,我相信,敏銳的人會有一定程度的屈辱感,問題就在於這種屈辱感什麼時候爆發。在一 個不公平的社會裡,屈辱感是公平的,即使胡錦濤、習近平這樣的人,我想他也一定有屈辱感。
劉瑜:對於“貴族范兒”,一些知識分子的智力優越感,我想說的是:問題只有真問題和假問題之分,沒有高級的問題 和低級的問題之分。知識分子不能為了滿足自己的智力優越感和虛榮心,而去每天琢磨一些沒有太多現實基礎的問題。比如說我剛剛看微博看到一個照片,當然有待 證實:河南一個房管局局長拿着槍抵着記者,大概意思是說你再敢採訪我就把你給斃了。看到這種照片,你會覺得智力優越感有那麼重要嗎?別說一個公知了,就是 作為一個普通公民,在這種事情上說NO,不該是一個基本的人的立場嗎?在這種時候,假使我非要說,對這個現象嘛,我認為康德會這樣看,或者我認為卡佛會那 樣看,你不覺得很可笑嗎?但是我覺得在中國充滿了類似的畫面,只是你面不面對承不承認的問題。 如果我非想做出精英感來其實不難,找一些生僻人名書名滔滔不絕,把我們最本真的痛感給鈍化,那一套技巧我很清楚,但是那個東西對我沒有那麼重要。
慕容雪村:我也是從那個階段走出來的。我有段時期只讀哲學書和文學書, 到現在我也認為,文學有更長久的生命,它有比評價時事更大的價值。現在再看魯迅的文章的時候,會覺得他的有些文學類的文章,遠比其它一些文章價值要高一 些。但是知識分子不能自外於整個社會,不能將身邊發生的一切視而不見。
劉瑜:知識分子到底該為大眾負責還是不為大眾負責我也不知道。前兩天我讀蕭瀚的書,講“德雷福士案” (Dreyfus Affair),左拉為德雷福士案中那個被冤枉的軍官做出很激烈的辯護,還講到伏爾泰為一個農民新教徒的辯護。這要讓今天我們這兒的精英知識分子們來評價 當時的左拉、伏爾泰,肯定得說他們玩的是智力含量很低級的東西,想當公知,出風頭作秀。但是在一定的時代不需要這種東西嗎?當然需要這種東西,有的時候把 最純真最直接的情感表達出來,這就是力量。
慕容雪村:現在公知污名化之後,公知成了一塊攻擊標籤。批評你的言論就說:“典型的公知意見”, “你們公知都這樣”,似乎想造成這樣一個效果:公知說的都是錯的。其實在當下中國,批評體制、政府,對公共事務發言這群人,是這個社會不可缺少的力量。一 個批評缺席的社會是不可想像的。
劉瑜:“公知”也是中國公民學習公共發言過程中的一個產物。我覺得在中國,很專業的批評沒有發育的土壤。比如說 在美國,對於公共財政的監督有個網站叫“Open Secrets”,它專門針對所有的競選捐款收集和分析信息,誰捐了多少錢,捐給了誰,被誰怎麼花的,都有詳細的記錄。這種批評就是非常專業的,但是這種 批評的前提是政府允許這些專業批評團體成立,並向這些watchdogs就是所謂“看門狗”組織提供充分和透明的信息。相比之下在中國,因為沒有專業監督 組織生存的土壤,就把普通公民逼到了那個角色上,因此我們就不能苛求一般的民眾在專業知識上精益求精,因為批評的專業化是建立一定在土壤上的。
發言的嚴謹化也是一個學習的過程。我覺得在微博上互動的過程,也會暗暗使右派、左派意識到,如果自己不小心傳了一個謠,這可能會 backfire(適得其反),也許就會慢慢變得更謹慎了。我覺得這是一個過程,我們不能要求所有人在所有的問題上從一開始就不犯任何錯誤;而且一般人在 批評政府上犯一點錯誤這不是什麼大不了的事情,因為政府信息不透明不公開,同時卻又要求我們在所有的問題上一清二楚,這怎麼可能?
一開始罵公知這件事情讓我特別反感,但是後來呢,沒那麼反感了,因為我覺得公知所發揮的社會功能並沒有受到真正影響。公知還是在組織社會議題,比如 在“南周事件”里,公知的討論轉發,還是使政府覺得,我得剎車了。比如說任建宇案,微博上的討論使人們覺得,勞教問題似乎是要鬆動了。還有PM2.5的事 情,如果沒有公知在微博上引發的關注,可能說就不會發酵到今天這一步。對公知罵是罵,但是他們在引導社會價值,創造社會議題的功能還在繼續發揮作用。
吳航對本文有研究貢獻。
編輯:困困

劉瑜對談慕容雪村(下):觀念的水位升高一毫米


慕容雪村:談到“觀念的水位”升高了,我覺得這反映了劉瑜老師對中國公民社會“謹慎的樂觀”情緒。 劉老師也談到,我們現在談論的話題與1919年,1959年,1989年已經有所不同,我們有了更多可以談論的話題。當然,決定社會是否改變的要素,並不 取決於話題有多麼新,而是取決於話題有多麼深入人心。比如,當一個社會裡面,只有百分之十的人接受一個觀念的時候,這個觀念並不一定能推動社會的變化,但 是如果有一半的人都接受,這個社會就會自然而然地改變。
劉瑜:對,我相信人的觀念和社會的政治文化對整個社會的拉動力。我的這種所謂的樂觀是相對於我身邊很多的悲觀的 人而言。我身邊有很多人整天唉聲嘆氣,覺得你怎麼能指望這個社會變化呢?中國人那麼庸俗,中國政府那麼保守,好像這個社會不可能有變革的動力。我的樂觀是 針對這種很流行的悲觀情緒來說的,並不是我覺得中國的轉型會一帆風順,轉型之後會歌舞昇平,彷彿“民主是治療一切問題的靈丹妙藥”。
慕容雪村:對這個問題,我也有自己的觀察。最近印度邀請我去參加文學節,讓我準備一個演講稿,我寫的就是近幾年中國人的覺醒,這和劉瑜老師《觀念的水位》談論的觀點基本相似。我對未來的樂觀並不是寄希望於政府或者共產黨,而是民眾的覺醒。
首先是自我意識的覺醒,最近幾年,越來越多的人開始認識到“人民”這個詞的虛妄之處,不願意再做人民之一員,不再是革命的一塊磚或者某架機器上的螺 絲釘,而是一個真正的人。從很多詞彙的使用和流行上就能看出來,比如“屌絲”、“屁民”這樣的詞,當千百萬人開始使用這樣的詞,其中一定包含了這樣的意 思:對不起,我不願意再做你的人民,人民一切的榮光都與我無關,我只願當個屌絲。
還有記憶的覺醒。說這兩年的“國粉”非常多,他們迷戀民國時代,認為民國的一切都是好的。其實國民黨的統治並不能算是一個好的統治,它只是相較於共 產黨的統治不那麼壞而已。也許以前的宣傳把他們講得太黑暗太殘酷了,到了這個時代,許多人開始尋找那些正面的例子,談論得多了,反而有點矯枉過正,好像民 國就是一個完美社會。而關於抗戰、大饑荒、文革、反右,延安整風的各種討論和思考,都是在重建當代中國人的記憶。
政治、經濟權利意識的覺醒也很重要,而更重要的是文化上的覺醒,文化的作用非常緩慢,但往往是決定性的。這些年,人們對共產中國官方文化的嘲諷越來 越密集。在蘇共倒台之前,黃色笑話,政治笑話也特別多。這大概可以說明,當人們開始反感你的文化,反感你的文體、文風、一切話語、一切做派的時候,你的統 治就已經接近尾聲了。當一個政權失去所有人的擁護,可能並不是因為它多麼邪惡,而是它在文化上、品味上成了一個可笑的東西。 文化覺醒的意義就在這裡。
劉瑜:當然中國各個社會階層之間存在着割裂。不過我覺得表面上呈現的這種價值割裂感,其實很大程度上是信息的割 裂造成的。很多的知識分子、都市白領,他們的信息來源很多就是微博、網絡或者就是類似《新世紀周刊》、《南方周末》這樣的媒體,而大部分普通民眾他們的信 息來源主要是央視、《環球時報》等 。我覺得如果有一天這種信息的屏障被去除,很多人有渠道,或者說他們獲得“另類的”信息的成本不那麼高的時候,各階層價值的融合也許就不會那麼難了。並不 是說一幫人天生就那麼想,一幫人就這麼想。比如說現在,在中國來說,關於任建宇勞教案的事情,關於南周的新聞,不可能在新聞聯播上報道,如果有一天它能報 道了,我覺得大多數人還是人同此心,心同此情。為什麼當時八九的時候,能夠百萬市民上街,這就是各個階層都聯合了,那個階段由於信息的控制出了問題,大家 的信息來源差不多了,你就會發現大家價值很快就融合了。
總體來說微博是一個好事,這是一個可以提供“另類信息”的地方,但是,我確實也在猶豫,政府的那種精密的控制技巧,使微博的影響到了一個平台期,就 是經常上微博的就經常上,不上微博的就不上。這到了什麼程度,我發現連我的有的同事,清華大學政治系的,都不知道什麼叫“五毛”,他就是不上微博的,可能 是家裡的事太多、工作忙,他是不上微博的,而且也看不出來近期他有去上微博的好奇心什麼的。所以我覺得微博,它能影響到的人它已經影響到了,它影響不到的 人近期以內你好像看不到它要怎麼去影響他們。然後你會發現經常上微博的這群人,大學生也好白領也好,他們的信息來源就會越來越接近,那些不上的人會顯得越 來越保守。 我覺得至少在轉型開始的某一個階段,當信息還沒整合到一起的時候,這種斷裂感會造成社會轉型中的一些衝突。我也有點擔心這個問題。
慕容雪村:如何建立起這個社會的價值共識,我覺得微博做了很多工作,許多問題確實已經成了共識。你比如現在在微 博上講“人權高於主權”,反對的聲音比前些年少了許多;你講“互不干涉內政的原則”不應該高於“人道主義原則”,也不會有太多反對的聲音。包括你說,愛國 家應該先愛自己,雖然有人反對,但反對的聲音要比一兩年前小得多。我覺得微博在融合各階層價值觀的時候起到了很大的作用。
中國各階層分裂也是一個事實,但這個事情急不得。我的觀察是,微博三年來,其開放程度已經超過了八十年代,“觀念的水位”也比八十年代高了太多,八 十年代積累到最後,發生了天安門事件,這幾乎是必然的,即使不在那一年也會在另一年,因為覺醒的人們總會有所作為。而這一次的覺醒,“南周事件”可以作為 一個明證,我對未來的樂觀就建立於此,覺醒的人們總會有所作為,我相信,在不遠的未來,必定會出現比“南周事件”大得多的事情,當然這需要一個契機,而且 那個契機並不像你想的那麼遠。
劉瑜:價值觀念的傳播,從第一個人到第二個人可能是難度最大的,而兩個人傳播給四個人可能會相對容易,越到後來 傳播的效率會越快。而且我覺得,從中國現代史來看,不管這是好事還是壞事,掌握了話語權的知識分子和學生,他們對中國的走向和政策影響要遠遠大於普通民 眾,也許在人數上普通民眾占多數,但是,從五四以來到三、四十年代再到紅衛兵運動,都可以看出知識分子和學生對中國歷史走向的重大影響。所以我覺得雖然微 博到目前為止主要的參與者是知識分子、學生和城市白領,但是它的影響力還是非常可觀的
慕容雪村:我看到有個數據,關於中國使用網絡的人數,五零後特別少,八零後、九零後特別多,我覺得將來零零後一定會更多。隨着互聯網技術的進步,也就是回到劉瑜老師剛才講過的話題,當一個人傳播給另一個人的時候,會很慢,但傳播到最後一個人的時候,就會非常快。
當我回想自己怎樣醒過來的時候,我想到的是一個挺尷尬挺不堪的歷程,因為我受到的教育,因為信息的閉塞,但最後我還是醒來了。到蔣方舟他們這一代,九零後、零零後的這一代,他們的覺醒應該比我們容易得多。
劉瑜:其實所有的公知,覺醒的時候可能都經歷了一個被激怒的過程。我被激怒是在論壇年代,我發現大家討論大饑荒、文革、抗戰問題,有些人蠻不講理的方式讓我特別生氣。就讓我這個只讀讀書,寫寫作業的念政治學的學生,變成了一個關心現實問題的……
慕容雪村:“民主女神”?
劉瑜:(笑)對。當時我覺得,我畢竟是一個專業知識分子嘛,不能停留在憤怒的情緒上,得有更多的分析,更多知識 上的貢獻。另外就是,當我讀到一個東西,在很多問題上是吃不準的。就像“民主”,對於它的問題我可能想得比其它人都要多一點;比如民主與腐敗的關係,我不 能說民主了以後就不會有腐敗;還有民主和穩定,有些人說“越維穩,越不穩”,但是民主會導致穩定這樣的結論,至少在短期內我不敢這樣說。看過很多資料後, 我不敢輕易下結論,也沒有一個明確的判斷,所以某種程度上我的“溫和”,是對困惑的一種表達。有些事情我沒有想好,我不能說得斬釘截鐵。
另外,雪村,你是怎麼由一個小說家變成“公知”的?
慕容雪村:就像剛才說的,在不公平的社會裡,屈辱感是公平的,每個人都一樣,被激怒就會出來發言。茉莉花革命之 後的一段時間,中國的輿論風氣特別緊張,像莫之許這樣的職業革命家發不出聲音,冉雲飛這樣的學者入獄,一時間反對的聲音似乎都消失了。但片刻沉靜之後,接 着就是意見的大爆發。也就是在那個時候,像我這樣的作家,以及媒體人、學者,甚至企業界的人士,都紛紛出來發言,言論的浪頭遠遠高於茉莉花革命之前。那像 是一個點,在那個點言言論被壓制了一下,但瞬間就反彈得很高。
我小時候在東北山區的小山溝里上學,到十四歲時家裡才裝了第一台黑白電視, 八九年看電視,看到的都是反革命暴徒怎麼樣燒解放軍戰士,那時候我是真痛恨那些暴徒,然後就這麼過了很多年。我能接觸到的全部信息都是中央電視台和《人民 日報》提供的,還有我們家牆上的那個喇叭。如果只有這些東西,你不可能不信,我是真的信。又過了許多年,經過緩慢而艱難地掙扎,我才從夢裡一點點醒來。我 相信,在中國人的覺醒過程中,像我這樣的人可能比像你這樣的人更多些。
還有個事情讓我覺得悲哀,受苦最多的那些人,他們的覺醒反而更加艱難,那一代醒過來的人最少。我姥姥九十多歲了,她是1949年之前出生的,經歷過 1949年之後的一系列苦難,包括大饑荒和文革,但直到現在,我在她面前批評毛澤東她還會生氣。她對我講過,有一年她“長脾”,大概是脾臟腫大,如果不是 毛主席派人來給她治病,她早就不在了。這觀點當然有問題,但她首先還是我的姥姥。
劉瑜:就像你所說的,那種政治對語言系統的侵蝕,那種感恩話語,已經深入骨髓。
慕容雪村:不僅是感恩,他們的心裡也有許多仇恨,9月份反日遊行,遊行隊伍中有許多上了年紀的人,他們應該是經 歷過毛時代的,但他們全都舉着毛澤東的畫像。他們的頭腦中一定屏蔽了毛時代那些殘酷和骯髒的事,我總結出一個詞來就叫“事實接受障礙”。這些人,如果要他 們回到毛的時代,他們也未必願意,但他們還是要打着毛的旗號來反對當下這貪腐橫行、貧富不均的社會,其實當下雖然有諸多問題,但比起毛時代來,還是要好很 多。同時對他們來說,懷念毛時代,也是一種情感需要,他們信奉毛一輩子,已經沒有能力來推翻了;他們會美化自己的記憶,美化那個時代,他們懷念的其實是自 己的青春,就像懷念年輕時的一場嘉年華會,覺得那是我的激情時代,我的白衣飄飄的年代,他會把其他東西全部忽略掉,就記得我們夜走山路,打着燈籠火把,懷 念其中那種荷爾蒙涌動的感覺。
劉瑜:我覺得毛時代那種狀態能提供現在社會不能提供的一種歸屬感,一種集體主義文化:大家一塊兒去種樹,一塊兒 去唱歌,一塊兒勞動,歸屬感中又有一種輕鬆感,比如畢業的時候我不需要去找工作,反正國家給我安排了一個,到了單位也不用選擇哪個職位,反正單位給我分了 一個,因為你要不斷地給自己做決策也是很累的。這種不用做選擇的輕鬆感也是很誘人的。
另外,我覺得一些資源稟賦或者能力比較差的人會格外懷念那種時代,因為在一個有競爭的年代,社會是按稟賦和能力分配資源的,當一個人認識到自己不可能通過稟賦和能力獲得很多資源的時候,他寧可選擇一個誰都得不到多少的分配狀況。
慕容雪村:劉瑜老師離開微博也有一段時間了,什麼時候回歸公共平台?
劉瑜:本來也不算遠離微博吧,也看,朋友在一起聊的也都是微博上的事,只是這段時間由於身體原因不適合去微博。 我性格也不大適合微博,我不像羅永浩那種,心理素質特好,一天可以同時和五撥人吵架,吵完架依然可以睡得很香。我呢,可能和一撥人吵完架,晚上就輾轉反 側,所以我不想介入那種火藥味太重的辯論當中去,影響情緒。還有就是,我寫時評什麼的,也算是一種關懷現實的方式,即使我退到書齋里,寫一寫論文也好,讀 一些更學理性的東西,也是另外一種關心現實的方式。並不是說我如果不對每一個新聞時事做一個及時的表態,我就不關心公共事務了。我也會厭倦同一個角色,我 以前做的很多事情是扮演了前鋒的角色,現在我更願意做一個後衛,也是希望體會一點新鮮感吧。
而且微博那種短平快的表達方式,我也不滿足。我不想完全停留在情緒化的表達上,也不願意太斬釘截鐵,這和我對於自己作為專業知識分子的要求是不相稱 的。我也挺害怕自己被姿態綁架,害怕一個事情出來,我就必須按照一個方向發言,這種表態、站隊的壓力,和我的思維方式是不一樣的。
雪村你是繼續寫小說,還是會關注非虛構題材?
慕容雪村:我現在就是有點猶豫不定。因為我自己家族經歷過大饑荒,我們家族稍微遠一點,我姥姥的姐姐,她有一個 大饑荒留下的真實的故事,我就特別想寫,而且這段時間我一直在準備這方面的材料,大量關於大饑荒的圖片資料、書之類的。我以前寫的小說全都是關於當代都市 生活的,這兩年我漸漸認識到了,作為一個中年公知作家,我應該作哪些方面的調整,所以我計劃寫一寫中國當代人的這種歷史,或者就是寫寫我家族的歷史,我對 這樣的話題很感興趣 。
今天我是鼓足勇氣來和劉瑜老師對談。劉瑜老師喝了很多洋墨水,我呢,沒喝過洋墨水,但吃了足夠多的地溝油。對於中國人當下的許多問題,我有時候也挺敏銳,大概可以看清是怎麼回事。這就是地溝油的作用。

法律与文学(增订版)  

作者: 理查德.A.波斯纳
译者: 李国庆
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2002
页数: 580
定价: 40.00元
装帧: 平装
丛书: 波斯纳文丛
ISBN: 9787562020745

内容简介 · · · · · ·

  


法理学问题
译者: 苏力
作者: [美] 理查德·A. 波斯纳
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2002-1
所谓“法理学”,作者指的是对所谓法律的社会现象进行的最基本、最一般、最理论化层面 的分析。就其总体而言,法理学所涉及的问题,其运用的视角,都与法律实务者的日常关心的事相距甚远。法理学的问题无法参照常规法律文件或依据常规法律文件 的推理予以解决,它运用的视角... (全部)

性与理性
译者: 苏力
作者: [美] 理查德·A. 波斯纳
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2002-5

法律与文学(增订版)
译者: 李国庆
作者: 理查德.A.波斯纳
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2002
目录 1导论 13第一章法律在文学中的反映 13理论思考 29从吐温到格雷斯汗的美国法律小说 51卡缨和斯汤达 63第二章.作为法律原型和文学类型的算机 64作为实践的复仇 78复仇文学 93《伊利亚特》和《哈姆莱特》 123第三章法律理论的对立 123从索福克勒斯到雪莱的法理学戏剧 162法律... (全部)

超越法律(美国法律文库)
译者: 苏力
作者: 波斯纳
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2001-11-01
《超越法律》由中国政法大学出版社出版。 “美国法律文库”是“中美元首法治计划”(PresldentlalRuleOflawInltlatlve)项目之一,该项目计划翻译百余种图书,全面介绍美国高水平的法学著作,是迄今中国最大的法律图书引进项目。“美国法律文库”著作将陆续推出,以飨读者。

道德和法律理论的疑问
译者: 苏力
作者: 波斯纳
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2001-11-01
《道德和法律理论的疑问》的头两章着重指出道德和法理学理论的地方性 (localness),指出其之所以被当作普适原则提出来,主要是因为其具有修辞的效果。这两章还要着重指出,人们常常把道德和规范的搞混淆了,并因 此,人们把法官必须决定哪方“应”胜诉错语理解为法官必然... (全部)

正义/司法的经济学
译者: 苏力
作者: (美)波斯纳 著,苏力 译
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2002-05-01

反托拉斯法(第2版)/波斯纳文丛
译者: 孙秋宁
作者: (美)波斯纳 著,孙秋宁 译
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2003-01-01
53人想读 / 25人读过
法律、实用主义与民主
作者: (美)波斯纳 著,凌斌,李国庆 译
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2005-11-01
波斯纳在本书中提出的理论仍然属于这个美国传统;但有所创新和推进。他通过理论的和实 证的分析指出,美国实际上运行的民主和法治,都是实用主义的,而不是理想的。所谓理想的,在民主理论和实践中即该书着重讨论的慎议民主制,这是杜威式的民 主,强调通过教育和提供信息来... (全部)

衰老与老龄
译者: 周云
作者: (美)波斯纳 著,周云 译
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2002-09-01
不知老之将至——波斯纳《衰老与老龄》代译序 作者:苏力 一. 1995年,56岁的波斯纳法官出人意料地出版了《衰老与老龄》。出人意料不在于波斯纳贪得无厌地继续推进了从经济学进路研究非市场的行为这样一种视角,而在于他把学术目光从性的领域(《性与理性》[1992... (全部)
联邦法院:挑战与改革
译者: 邓海平
作者: [美]波斯纳
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 1901-01-01
《联邦法院:挑战与改革》由中国政法大学出版社出版。

法律理论的前沿
译者: 武欣
作者: 理查德.A.波斯纳
出版社: 中国政法大学出版社
出版年: 2002-12-01




THE CRISIS OF CAPITALIST DEMOCRACY By Richard A. Posner


Public Intellectuals: a Study in Decline. By Richard A. Posner

PUBLIC INTELLECTUALS: A Study in Decline By Richard A. Posner Harvard University Press The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. It was established on January 13, 1913. In 2005, it published 220 new titles. , $29.95


Richard Allen Posner
(born January 11, 1939, in New York City)


公共知识分子:衰落之研究(波斯纳文丛)(Public Intellectuals)

網誌存檔