Donald Schön /Donald Schon /Nancy Schon

我看了Donald Alan Schön (1930–1997 我看過他在組織學習方面的書: (with C. Argyris) Organizational learning II: Theory, method and practice. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1996.) 

1988年發表在美國MIT的建築教育Journal of Architectural Education的論文 " Toward a Marriage of Artistry and Applied Science in the Architectural Design Studio", 375-387
很值得深思......


Donald Alan Schön (1930–1997) was an influential thinker in developing the theory and practice of reflective professional learning in the twentieth century.
 Donald Schön was married to sculptor Nancy Schön^[3] who is particularly well known for her installation in the Boston Public Garden of the bronze duck family from McCloskey's children's classic "Make Way for Ducklings". Nancy Schön completed a sequence of works titled "The Reflective Giraffe" in tribute to her late husband with a giraffe as the central icon.


 http://www.schon.com/gallery/s-editions/reflective-giraffe.php
 

Reflective Giraffe Height 9" Edition of 24

1987年10月4日 周日

台北: 讀報紙。睡，看《世界一舞台》節目。歷史博物館的馬亞MAYA展。楊德?起

Boston 則有該州童書的雕像揭幕:
 

	Make Way for Ducklings Boston Public Garden, Boston Bronze on Old Boston cobblestones Friends of the Boston Public Garden Boston Height: 38"    Length:35’ Installed October. 4, 1987. There is also a maquette of the ducklings.
	It was 1985 when Suzanne DeMonchaux, an urban planner asked me if I would like to put a bronze sculpture of “Make Way for Ducklings” into the Boston Public Garden. Therein lies a long tale of her proposal writing, our meeting and working with Robert McCloskey, of acquiring the sponsorship of the Friends of the Boston Public Garden, of having my design accepted by the Boston Art Commission, the Landmarks Commission and the Parks and Recreation Department. Then there was the problem, as always, of fund raising. It took two years to go through this process but on October 4, 1987 a bronze sculpture of Mrs. Mallard and her eight ducklings was installed on old Boston cobblestones. I treasure time that I spend standing near the sculpture and watching all the children hug, kiss, climb on and feed the ducks. How fortunate I am to have made this sculpture which, thanks to Mr. McCloskey, has given so much pleasure to so many.
	The Ducklings turned 20 years old. We celebrated with music, singing, face painting, magic, and honored guest Mayor Thomas M. Menino on Saturday, September 29, 2007 at the Boston Public Garden.

這是Donald Schön 的哈佛大學和MIT同事和朋友的悼念文集: 它有傳主的生命故事和著作的形成過程以及思想要點. 對 Donald Schön 的學說有點基礎的人可以看看......

《反映的實踐者》夏林清等合譯，台北遠流，2004，307-08 作者簡介參考本小冊--- Reflective =反映的/反思的......

[PDF]

Donald Schon -- A Life of Reflection - MIT

the-tech.mit.edu/~richmond/professional/jplschon.pdf‎

Donald Schön — A Life of Reflection. Remarks at special session in honor of the memory of Donald Schön. Conference of the Association of. Collegiate Schools ...

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Donald A. Schön
Born	September 19, 1930 Boston
Died	September 13, 1997 Boston
Education	Yale University, The Sorbonne, Harvard Univ.
Occupation	Research
Spouse(s)	Nancy Quint
Children	Ellen, Andrew, Elizabeth, Susan

Donald Alan Schön (1930–1997) was an influential thinker in developing the theory and practice of reflective professional learning in the twentieth century.

Contents 1 Education and career 2 Contributions 3 Personal life 4 Major works 5 References 6 External links

Education and career

He was born in Boston and brought up in Massachusetts, at Brookline and Worcester.^[1] After doing a Bachelor's at Yale University, he completed Master's and doctoral studies in philosophy at Harvard University. His thesis dealt with Dewey's theory of inquiry. He also studied at the Sorbonne in Paris and pursued advanced study in music (Piano and clarinet).^[1]
For many years Schön was with the large consulting firm, Arthur D. Little along with Raymond Hainer with whom he worked on his ideas which resulted in his first seminal work, The Displacement of Concepts. In fact this original work was a new interpretation on the history of the ideas of all time—a complement to Thomas Kuhn's work or even a more accurate look at the dynamics of invention. His later works there presaged a lifetime of interest in the subtle processes whereby technological and other change is absorbed (or not) by social systems. In 1970, he delivered the Reith Lectures for the BBC, on how learning occurs within organizations and societies that are in permanent states of flux. These presentations were published subsequently in his Beyond the Stable State.^[1]
Donald Schön became a visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1968 and stayed on with an appointment in 1972 as Ford Professor of Urban Studies and Education. He remained there until his death in 1997. During these decades his long collaboration with adult education/organizational behavior expert, Chris Argyris proceeded yielding key insights into the question of how organizations develop, adapt, learn or fail in these critical missions. Their collaboration led to two books in the 1970s - Theory in Practice and Organizational Learning - the latter of which was completely revised and published in 1996 as Organizational Learning II.

Contributions

Donald Schön introduced several important organizing concepts to a wide range of applied fields:

• the idea of a "generative metaphor", figurative descriptions of social situations, usually implicit and even semi-conscious but that shape the way problems are tackled, for example seeing a troubled inner-city neighborhood as urban "blight" and, hence, taking steps rooted in the idea of disease.

• "learning systems" - Schön was a pioneer of studies aimed at exploring the possibility of learning at the supra-individual level

• reflective practice inquiry - Schön's seminal 1983 book, The Reflective Practitioner, challenged practitioners to reconsider the role of technical knowledge versus "artistry" in developing professional excellence. The concept most notably affected study of teacher education, health professions and architectural design.

• Frame reflection - the title of a 1994 book co-authored with MIT colleague Martin Rein, prescribed critical shared reconstruction of "frames" of social problems which are otherwise taken for granted and advocated system-level learning to find solutions for "intractable policy controversies."

Much of his later and more influential work related to reflection in practice and the concept of learning systems. He (along with Chris Argyris) maintained that organizations and individuals should be flexible and should incorporate lessons learned throughout their lifespans, known as organizational learning. His interest and involvement in jazz music inspired him to teach the concept of improvisation and 'thinking on one's feet', and that through a feedback loop of experience, learning and practice, we can continually improve our work (whether educational or not) and become a 'reflective practitioner'. Thus, the work of Schön fits with and extends to the realm of many fields of practice, key twentieth century theories of education, like experiential education and the work of many of its most important theorists, namely John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, Carl Rogers and David A. Kolb.
Schön believed that people and organizations should be flexible and incorporate their life experiences and lessons learned throughout their life. This is also known as Organizational learning (Fulmer, 1994).^[2] Organizational learning is based on two things. The first being single–loop learning and the second being double–loop learning. The former refers to the process that occurs when organizations adjust their operations to keep apace with changing market conditions. And then the latter refers to not just adjusting to the market, but also to the creation of new and better ways of achieving business goals (Fulmer, 1994).^[2]

Personal life

Donald Schön was married to sculptor Nancy Schön^[3] who is particularly well known for her installation in the Boston Public Garden of the bronze duck family from McCloskey's children's classic "Make Way for Ducklings". Nancy Schön completed a sequence of works titled "The Reflective Giraffe" in tribute to her late husband with a giraffe as the central icon.

Major works

• The Displacement of Concepts. London: Tavistock, 1963.
• Technology and change: The new Heraclitus. Oxford: Pergamon, 1967.
• Beyond the Stable State. Harmondsworth: Penguin/ New York: Norton, 1973
• (with C. Argyris) Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974.
• (with C. Argyris) Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978.
• The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. London: Temple Smith, 1983.《反映的實踐者》夏林清等合譯，台北遠流，2004
• Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987.
• (ed.) The Reflective Turn: Case studies in and on educational practice. New York: Teachers College (Columbia), 1991 夏林清譯，台北遠流，?2004
• (with M. Rein) Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies. New York: Basic Books, 1994
• (with C. Argyris) Organizational learning II: Theory, method and practice. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1996.《組織學習II》夏林清譯，台北遠流，?2004

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Donald Schon at infed.org accessed July 2007  這是很精彩的進一步介紹
2. ^ ^{a b} Fulmer, Robert M. "A model for changing the way organizations learn." Planning Review [a publication of the Planning Forum] May–June 1994:20+. General OneFile. Web.
3. ^ Nancy Schön

External links

• Infed.org profile on Schön