René Girard (1923-2015)《欲望的先知：勒内·基拉尔的對話 》《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》摹仿性慾望“三角”欲望Mimetic desire；《替罪羊》；《雙重束縛:文學、摹仿及人類學文集》
吉拉德教授出生於法國，自 1950 年起在美國生活和任教，但仍繼續用法語寫作，累積了近 30 部分析作品、散文和訪談。凱倫·阿姆斯特朗 (Karen Armstrong)、西蒙·沙瑪 (Simon Schama) 和 J. M. 庫切 (J. M. Coetzee) 等作家都曾引用過他的作品，數字支付公司 PayPal 的創始人彼得·泰爾 (Peter Thiel) 認為吉拉德教授激勵他轉行並成為 Facebook 的早期投資者，並且獲得了豐厚的回報。
吉拉德教授的核心思想是，人類的動機是基於慾望。他認為，人是自由的，但他們在生活中追求的東西都是基於別人的願望。他們對這些慾望的模仿，他稱之為擬態，反過來又被其他人模仿，導致競爭不斷升級，而且往往具有破壞性。
他的第一部作品《欺騙、慾望和小說》於 1961 年以法語出版，1965 年以英語出版，透過閱讀經典小說介紹了這個想法。隨著時間的推移，這一理論已被用來解釋金融泡沫，即那些本身價值不高的東西為了獲取經濟利益而被不斷抬高價格。這也解釋了為什麼那些對高地位的工作不滿意的人仍然會追求它們。
吉拉德教授透過研究神話擴展了他的理論，研究了人們群體如何創造替罪羔羊（折磨和犧牲它們）作為建立團結的手段。該書於 1972 年以法文出版，1977 年以英語出版，書名為《暴力與神聖》。書中指出，替罪羔羊之死可以促進社會秩序。
他認為，在伊底帕斯的神話中，對他弒父和與其母親亂倫的指控使他在底比斯的敵人團結起來。在死亡中，這些人物成為儀式的中心，透過回憶集體、統一的行為來緩解社會緊張。
即將出版的吉拉德教授傳記的作者辛西婭·海文 (Cynthia Haven) 說，吉拉德教授也對當代社會提出了一些觀點。
「我們都喜歡競爭，在戀愛關係中，我們的偶像都會變成我們的對手和障礙，」她說。 「我們陷入了尋找替罪羊的模式，即使工具是誹謗，而不是棍棒。看看推特或總統競選就知道了：我們經常集體行動。”
PayPal 的蒂爾表示，他在史丹佛大學讀書時第一次接觸到了吉拉德教授的作品，後來這促使他放棄了在紐約不盡人意的法律職業，前往矽谷。
René Girard, whose explorations of literature and myth helped establish influential theories about how people are motivated to want things, died on Nov. 4 at his home in Stanford, Calif. He was 91.
Martha Girard, his wife of 64 years, confirmed his death.
Professor Girard, who was born in France, had lived and taught in the United States since 1950 but continued to write in French, amassing close to 30 works of analysis, essays and interviews. Writers like Karen Armstrong, Simon Schama and J. M. Coetzee have cited his work, and Peter Thiel, a founder of PayPal, the digital payment company, credits Professor Girard with inspiring him to switch careers and become an early, and well-rewarded, investor in Facebook.
Professor Girard’s central idea was that human motivation is based on desire. People are free, he believed, but seek things in life based on what other people want. Their imitation of those desires, which he termed mimesis, is imitated by others in turn, leading to escalating and often destructive competition.
His first work, published in French in 1961 and in English in 1965 as “Deceit, Desire, and the Novel,” introduced this idea through readings of classic novels. Over time, the idea has been used to explain financial bubbles, where things of little intrinsic value are increasingly bid up in the hope of financial gain. It has also been cited to explain why people unsatisfied by high-status jobs pursue them anyway.
On René Girard – born on Christmas Day 1923 – a French thinker in revolt against Freud and post-structuralism
Searching for a scapegoat | Huw Nesbitt
As an adolescent René Girard was more scallywag than scholar, lucky t
勒內．吉拉爾是人類學家和哲學家，在法國出生，25歲留學美國，終生在美國任教。主要著作均先以法文出版，再譯成英文，如《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》(Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque, 1961)、 北京：三聯*，1998
作者: [法] 勒内·基拉尔
出版社: 北京大学出版社
原作名: Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque
译者: 罗芃
出版年: 2012-
· · · · · ·
《培文书系·法兰西文化译丛：浪漫的谎言与小说的真实》是一本介于哲学、社会学和文学批评之间的著作。作者分析了塞万提斯、斯丹达尔、福楼拜、陀思妥耶夫斯基和普鲁斯特等五位西方经典小说家的作品，不过他的目光并不局限于文学研究，而是投向了人的意识的深层世界。什么是人的欲望？人的欲望真的是本能的产物吗？作者企图从一个全新的视角对这些问题做出自己的回答。《培文书系·法兰西文化译丛：浪漫的谎言与小说的真实》1961年出版后，“基拉尔主义”在法国乃至欧美曾为知识界所热议。
作者简介 · · · · · ·
勒内·基拉尔（Rene Girard），法国当代著名哲学家、人类学家，1923年生，在美国印第安那大学获博士学位，先后在霍普金斯、斯坦福等大学执教，主要著作除本书外，还有《暴力与神圣》、《莎士比亚：欲望之火》等。
罗芃，北京大学外国语学院法语系教授，欧美文学研究中心副主任，博士生导师，全国法国文学研究会副会长，外国文学研究会理事。多年从事法国文学教学与研究，主要著译作品有《法国文化史》，《欧洲文学史》，《狄德罗精选集》、《人世之初》、《舒昂党人》、《巴马修道院》，《美学纲要》、《世界艺术史》等。
目录 · · · · · ·
第一章 “三角”的的
第二章 人将互为上帝
第三章 欲望的变形
第四章 主人和奴隶
第五章 红与黑
第六章 斯丹达尔、塞万提斯和福楼拜作品中的技巧问题
第七章 主人公的苦修
第八章 受虐癖和施虐癖
第九章 普鲁斯特的世界
第十章 普鲁斯特和陀思妥耶夫斯基作品的技巧问题
第十一章 陀思妥耶夫斯基启示录
第十二章 结论
再版后记
第二章 人将互为上帝
第三章 欲望的变形
第四章 主人和奴隶
第五章 红与黑
第六章 斯丹达尔、塞万提斯和福楼拜作品中的技巧问题
第七章 主人公的苦修
第八章 受虐癖和施虐癖
第九章 普鲁斯特的世界
第十章 普鲁斯特和陀思妥耶夫斯基作品的技巧问题
第十一章 陀思妥耶夫斯基启示录
第十二章 结论
再版后记
目錄
*1998年版本，第4頁，
當時，不知道
Jules de Gaultier (born in 1858 in Paris, died in 1942 in Boulogne-sur-Mer), born Jules Achille de Gaultier de Laguionie, was a French philosopher and essayist. He was a contributor to Mercure de France and one of the chief advocates of "nietzscheism" in vogue in the literary circles of the day. He was known especially for his theory of "bovarysme" (the name taken from Flaubert's novel), by which he meant the continual need of humans to invent themselves, to lie to themselves. His books include De Kant à Nietzsche (1900) and Le Bovarysme, essai sur le pouvoir d'imaginer (1902).[1]
希望2012年的再版後記更新。
《暴力與神聖》(La Violence et le sacré, 1972)、《自世界奠基以來就被隱閉的事物》(Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde, 1978)、《代罪羔羊》(Le Bouc émissaire, 1982)和《完成克勞塞維茨 》(Achever Clausewitz, 2007) 等。其作品涉及文學、人類學、聖經解釋學、歷史、哲學和文化理論等。早年在美國成名，在法國則由學者Jean-Michel Oughourlian和Jean-Pierre Dupuy等人討論。
Girard's thought[edit]
Mimetic desire[edit]
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After almost a decade of teaching French literature in the United States, Girard began to develop a new way of speaking about literary texts. Beyond the "uniqueness" of individual works, he looked for their common structural properties, having observed that characters in great fiction evolved in a system of relationships otherwise common to the wider generality of novels. But there was a distinction to be made:
So there did indeed exist "psychological laws" as Proust calls them.[7] These laws and this system are the consequences of a fundamental reality grasped by the novelists, which Girard called "the mimetic character of desire." This is the content of his first book, Deceit, Desire and the Novel (1961). We borrow our desires from others. Far from being autonomous, our desire for a certain object is always provoked by the desire of another person—the model—for this same object. This means that the relationship between the subject and the object is not direct: there is always a triangular relationship of subject, model, and object. Through the object, one is drawn to the model, whom Girard calls the mediator: it is in fact the model who is sought. Girard calls desire "metaphysical" in the measure that, as soon as a desire is something more than a simple need or appetite, "all desire is a desire to be",[6] it is an aspiration, the dream of a fullness attributed to the mediator.
Mediation is external when the mediator of the desire is socially beyond the reach of the subject or, for example, a fictional character, as in the case of Amadis de Gaula and Don Quixote. The hero lives a kind of folly that nonetheless remains optimistic. Mediation is internal when the mediator is at the same level as the subject. The mediator then transforms into a rival and an obstacle to the acquisition of the object, whose value increases as the rivalry grows. This is the universe of the novels of Stendhal, Flaubert, Proust and Dostoevsky, which are particularly studied in this book.
Through their characters, our own behaviour is displayed. Everyone holds firmly to the illusion of the authenticity of one's own desires; the novelists implacably expose all the diversity of lies, dissimulations, maneuvers, and the snobbery of the Proustian heroes; these are all but "tricks of desire", which prevent one from facing the truth: envy and jealousy. These characters, desiring the being of the mediator, project upon him superhuman virtues while at the same time depreciating themselves, making him a god while making themselves slaves, in the measure that the mediator is an obstacle to them. Some, pursuing this logic, come to seek the failures that are the signs of the proximity of the ideal to which they aspire. This can manifest as a heightened experience of the universal pseudo-masochism inherent in seeking the unattainable, which can, of course, turn into sadism should the actor play this part in reverse[citation needed].
This fundamental focus on mimetic desire would be pursued by Girard throughout the rest of his career. The stress on imitation in humans was not a popular subject when Girard developed his theories[citation needed], but today there is independent support for his claims coming from empirical research in psychology and neuroscience (see below).
René Girard 勒內·基拉爾1923-2015, Walter Burkert
René Girard, the French-born philosopher of history, anthropology, and theology, died this week. At the heart of his work was a search for the origin of religion, violence and war
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard
René Girard (born December 25, 1923, Avignon , France) is a French historian , literary critic , and philosopher of social science. His work belongs to the tradition of anthropological philosophy . He is the author of several books (see below ), in which he developed the following ideas:
- mimetic desire : imitation is an aspect of behaviour that not only affects learning but also desire, and imitated desire is a cause of conflict,
- the scapegoat mechanism is the origin of sacrifice and the foundation of human culture , and religion was necessary in human evolution to control the violence that can come from mimetic rivalry,
- the Bible reveals the two previous ideas and denounces the scapegoat mechanism.
Professor Girard expanded his theory through the study of myths, looking at the ways groups of people often create scapegoats — tormenting and sacrificing them — as a means to establish unity. Published in French in 1972 and in English in 1977 as “Violence and the Sacred,” the book argued that a scapegoat’s death can foster social order.
In the myth of Oedipus, he argued, accusations against him of parricide and then incest with his mother united his enemies in Thebes. In death, such characters become the center of rituals that ease social tensions by recalling that collective, unifying behavior.
Professor Girard was making points about contemporary society as well, said Cynthia Haven, the author of a coming biography of him.
“We’re all competitive, and we all fall into relationships where our idol becomes a rival and an obstacle,” she said. “We fall into patterns of scapegoating, even when the tool is calumny, not a cudgel. Just look at Twitter, or presidential campaigns: We often act in mobs.”
Mr. Thiel, of PayPal, said that he was a student at Stanford when he first encountered Professor Girard’s work, and that it later inspired him to quit an unfulfilling law career in New York and go to Silicon Valley.
雙重束縛:文學、摹仿及人類學文集
| 作者： | (法)勒內﹒ 基拉爾(Rene Girard)劉舒陳明珠 | |
| 出版社： | 華夏出版社 | |
| 出版日期： | 2006-01 | |
自嚴復譯泰西政法諸書至本世紀四十年代，漢語學界中的有識之士深感與西學相遇乃漢語思想史無前例 的重大事變，孜孜以求西學堂奧，憑著個人的禀賦和志趣選譯西學經典，翻譯大家輩出。可以理解的是，其時學界對西方思想統緒的認識剛剛起步，選擇西學經典難免帶有相當的隨意性。五十年代後期，新中國政府規范西學經典譯業，整編四十年代遺稿，統一制訂新的選題計劃，幾十年來寸累銖積，至八十年代中期形成振裘挈領的"漢譯世界學術名著“體系。雖然開牖後學之功萬不容沒，這套名著體系的設計仍受當時學界的教條主義限制。”思想不外義理和製度兩端"(康有為語)，涉及義理和製度的西方思想典籍未有譯成漢語的，實際未在少數。
引言
1.保羅和弗朗西斯卡的摹仿性慾望
2.重審加繆的局外人
3.地下評論
4.瘋癲之略——尼采、瓦格納和陀思妥耶夫斯基
5.成體系的精神錯亂
6.危險的平衡：一種喜劇理論
7.文學和神話中的瘟疫
8.列維一斯特勞斯和當代理論中的區分與互反性
9.神話文本中的暴力和表現
10.與勒內·基拉爾的訪談
*
**
主要作者Girard , René , 1923-書名/作者Mimesis and theory : essays on literature and criticism, 1953-2005 / René Girard ; edited and with an introduction by Robert Doran 出版項Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 2008 PN511 G48 2008
目錄
人類學的“慾望”與古典/中譯本前言(劉小楓)引言
1.保羅和弗朗西斯卡的摹仿性慾望
2.重審加繆的局外人
3.地下評論
4.瘋癲之略——尼采、瓦格納和陀思妥耶夫斯基
5.成體系的精神錯亂
6.危險的平衡：一種喜劇理論
7.文學和神話中的瘟疫
8.列維一斯特勞斯和當代理論中的區分與互反性
9.神話文本中的暴力和表現
10.與勒內·基拉爾的訪談
*
| 主要作者 | 基拉爾( Girard , René , 1923- ) |
| Girard , René 1923- | |
| 書名/作者 | 替罪羊/ 勒內.吉拉爾(René Girard)著; 馮壽農譯 |
| 出版項 | 台北市: 臉譜出版: 城邦文化發行, 2004[民93] |
| 版本項 | 初版 |
| 附註 | 作者改譯基拉爾 |
| 含參考書目 | |
| 譯自 | Le bouc emissaire |
| ISBN/價格 | 986-7896-90-4 平裝 |
| 標題 | lc Jesus Christ Passion |
| 神學 | |
| lc Violence Religious aspects Christianity | |
| lc Persecution | |
| lc Scapegoat | |
| 其他作者 | 馮壽農 |
主要作者Girard , René , 1923-書名/作者Mimesis and theory : essays on literature and criticism, 1953-2005 / René Girard ; edited and with an introduction by Robert Doran 出版項Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 2008 PN511 G48 2008
René Girard (1923-2015)
勒內．吉拉爾是人類學家和哲學家，在法國出生，25歲留學美國，終生在美國任教。主要著作均先以法文出版，再譯成英文，如《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》(Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque, 1961)、 《暴力與神聖》(La Violence et le sacré, 1972)、《自世界奠基以來就被隱閉的事物》(Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde, 1978)、《代罪羔羊》(Le Bouc émissaire, 1982)和《完成克勞塞維茨 》(Achever Clausewitz, 2007) 等。其作品涉及文學、人類學、聖經解釋學、歷史、哲學和文化理論等。早年在美國成名，在法國則由學者Jean-Michel Oughourlian和Jean-Pierre Dupuy等人討論。
勒內．吉拉爾是人類學家和哲學家，在法國出生，25歲留學美國，終生在美國任教。主要著作均先以法文出版，再譯成英文，如《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》(Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque, 1961)、 《暴力與神聖》(La Violence et le sacré, 1972)、《自世界奠基以來就被隱閉的事物》(Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde, 1978)、《代罪羔羊》(Le Bouc émissaire, 1982)和《完成克勞塞維茨 》(Achever Clausewitz, 2007) 等。其作品涉及文學、人類學、聖經解釋學、歷史、哲學和文化理論等。早年在美國成名，在法國則由學者Jean-Michel Oughourlian和Jean-Pierre Dupuy等人討論。
紐約時報一則訃聞的改錯紀錄
GOOGLE 2015年11月16日更正：週三發布的有關社會科學理論家勒內·吉拉爾的訃告因編輯錯誤，錯誤地提及了他的著作《欺騙、慾望和小說》。書中介紹了他的觀點：人們根據別人的需要來尋求生活中的事物；它沒有引入「模仿的想法」。訃聞的圖片說明中再次出現了同樣的錯誤，也錯誤地將該書稱為小說。這是一部非小說作品。在一些副本中，訃聞錯誤地陳述了吉拉德先生即將出版的傳記作者的姓氏。她是辛西婭·海文 (Cynthia Haven)，不是哈登 (Haden)。
當我們發現錯誤時，我們會承認並改正。如果您發現錯誤，請透過 nytnews@nytimes.com 告知我們。了解更多
A correction was made on
Nov. 16, 2015
:
Because of an editing error, an obituary on Wednesday about René Girard, a theorist of the social sciences, referred incorrectly to his book “Deceit, Desire, and the Novel.” The book introduced his idea that people seek things in life based on what other people want; it did not introduce “the idea of mimesis.” The error was repeated in a picture caption with the obituary, which also referred incorrectly to the book as a novel. It is a work of nonfiction. And the obituary misstated, in some copies, the surname of the author of a coming biography of Mr. Girard. She is Cynthia Haven, not Haden.
When we learn of a mistake, we acknowledge it with a correction. If you spot an error, please let us know at nytnews@nytimes.com.Learn more
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