On René Girard – born on Christmas Day 1923 – a French thinker in revolt against Freud and post-structuralism
Searching for a scapegoat | Huw Nesbitt
As an adolescent René Girard was more scallywag than scholar, lucky t
勒內．吉拉爾是人類學家和哲學家，在法國出生，25歲留學美國，終生在美國任教。主要著作均先以法文出版，再譯成英文，如《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》(Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque, 1961)、 北京：三聯*，1998
作者: [法] 勒内·基拉尔
出版社: 北京大学出版社
原作名: Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque
译者: 罗芃
出版年: 2012-
· · · · · ·
《培文书系·法兰西文化译丛：浪漫的谎言与小说的真实》是一本介于哲学、社会学和文学批评之间的著作。作者分析了塞万提斯、斯丹达尔、福楼拜、陀思妥耶夫斯基和普鲁斯特等五位西方经典小说家的作品，不过他的目光并不局限于文学研究，而是投向了人的意识的深层世界。什么是人的欲望？人的欲望真的是本能的产物吗？作者企图从一个全新的视角对这些问题做出自己的回答。《培文书系·法兰西文化译丛：浪漫的谎言与小说的真实》1961年出版后，“基拉尔主义”在法国乃至欧美曾为知识界所热议。
作者简介 · · · · · ·
勒内·基拉尔（Rene Girard），法国当代著名哲学家、人类学家，1923年生，在美国印第安那大学获博士学位，先后在霍普金斯、斯坦福等大学执教，主要著作除本书外，还有《暴力与神圣》、《莎士比亚：欲望之火》等。
罗芃，北京大学外国语学院法语系教授，欧美文学研究中心副主任，博士生导师，全国法国文学研究会副会长，外国文学研究会理事。多年从事法国文学教学与研究，主要著译作品有《法国文化史》，《欧洲文学史》，《狄德罗精选集》、《人世之初》、《舒昂党人》、《巴马修道院》，《美学纲要》、《世界艺术史》等。
目录 · · · · · ·
第一章 “三角”欲望
第二章 人将互为上帝
第三章 欲望的变形
第四章 主人和奴隶
第五章 红与黑
第六章 斯丹达尔、塞万提斯和福楼拜作品中的技巧问题
第七章 主人公的苦修
第八章 受虐癖和施虐癖
第九章 普鲁斯特的世界
第十章 普鲁斯特和陀思妥耶夫斯基作品的技巧问题
第十一章 陀思妥耶夫斯基启示录
第十二章 结论
再版后记
第二章 人将互为上帝
第三章 欲望的变形
第四章 主人和奴隶
第五章 红与黑
第六章 斯丹达尔、塞万提斯和福楼拜作品中的技巧问题
第七章 主人公的苦修
第八章 受虐癖和施虐癖
第九章 普鲁斯特的世界
第十章 普鲁斯特和陀思妥耶夫斯基作品的技巧问题
第十一章 陀思妥耶夫斯基启示录
第十二章 结论
再版后记
目錄
*1998年版本，第4頁，
當時，不知道
Jules de Gaultier (born in 1858 in Paris, died in 1942 in Boulogne-sur-Mer), born Jules Achille de Gaultier de Laguionie, was a French philosopher and essayist. He was a contributor to Mercure de France and one of the chief advocates of "nietzscheism" in vogue in the literary circles of the day. He was known especially for his theory of "bovarysme" (the name taken from Flaubert's novel), by which he meant the continual need of humans to invent themselves, to lie to themselves. His books include De Kant à Nietzsche (1900) and Le Bovarysme, essai sur le pouvoir d'imaginer (1902).[1]
希望2012年的再版後記更新。
《暴力與神聖》(La Violence et le sacré, 1972)、《自世界奠基以來就被隱閉的事物》(Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde, 1978)、《代罪羔羊》(Le Bouc émissaire, 1982)和《完成克勞塞維茨 》(Achever Clausewitz, 2007) 等。其作品涉及文學、人類學、聖經解釋學、歷史、哲學和文化理論等。早年在美國成名，在法國則由學者Jean-Michel Oughourlian和Jean-Pierre Dupuy等人討論。
Girard's thought[edit]
Mimetic desire[edit]
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After almost a decade of teaching French literature in the United States, Girard began to develop a new way of speaking about literary texts. Beyond the "uniqueness" of individual works, he looked for their common structural properties, having observed that characters in great fiction evolved in a system of relationships otherwise common to the wider generality of novels. But there was a distinction to be made:
So there did indeed exist "psychological laws" as Proust calls them.[7] These laws and this system are the consequences of a fundamental reality grasped by the novelists, which Girard called "the mimetic character of desire." This is the content of his first book, Deceit, Desire and the Novel (1961). We borrow our desires from others. Far from being autonomous, our desire for a certain object is always provoked by the desire of another person—the model—for this same object. This means that the relationship between the subject and the object is not direct: there is always a triangular relationship of subject, model, and object. Through the object, one is drawn to the model, whom Girard calls the mediator: it is in fact the model who is sought. Girard calls desire "metaphysical" in the measure that, as soon as a desire is something more than a simple need or appetite, "all desire is a desire to be",[6] it is an aspiration, the dream of a fullness attributed to the mediator.
Mediation is external when the mediator of the desire is socially beyond the reach of the subject or, for example, a fictional character, as in the case of Amadis de Gaula and Don Quixote. The hero lives a kind of folly that nonetheless remains optimistic. Mediation is internal when the mediator is at the same level as the subject. The mediator then transforms into a rival and an obstacle to the acquisition of the object, whose value increases as the rivalry grows. This is the universe of the novels of Stendhal, Flaubert, Proust and Dostoevsky, which are particularly studied in this book.
Through their characters, our own behaviour is displayed. Everyone holds firmly to the illusion of the authenticity of one's own desires; the novelists implacably expose all the diversity of lies, dissimulations, maneuvers, and the snobbery of the Proustian heroes; these are all but "tricks of desire", which prevent one from facing the truth: envy and jealousy. These characters, desiring the being of the mediator, project upon him superhuman virtues while at the same time depreciating themselves, making him a god while making themselves slaves, in the measure that the mediator is an obstacle to them. Some, pursuing this logic, come to seek the failures that are the signs of the proximity of the ideal to which they aspire. This can manifest as a heightened experience of the universal pseudo-masochism inherent in seeking the unattainable, which can, of course, turn into sadism should the actor play this part in reverse[citation needed].
This fundamental focus on mimetic desire would be pursued by Girard throughout the rest of his career. The stress on imitation in humans was not a popular subject when Girard developed his theories[citation needed], but today there is independent support for his claims coming from empirical research in psychology and neuroscience (see below).
René Girard 勒內·基拉爾1923-2015, Walter Burkert
René Girard, the French-born philosopher of history, anthropology, and theology, died this week. At the heart of his work was a search for the origin of religion, violence and war
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard
René Girard (born December 25, 1923, Avignon , France) is a French historian , literary critic , and philosopher of social science. His work belongs to the tradition of anthropological philosophy . He is the author of several books (see below ), in which he developed the following ideas:
- mimetic desire : imitation is an aspect of behaviour that not only affects learning but also desire, and imitated desire is a cause of conflict,
- the scapegoat mechanism is the origin of sacrifice and the foundation of human culture , and religion was necessary in human evolution to control the violence that can come from mimetic rivalry,
- the Bible reveals the two previous ideas and denounces the scapegoat mechanism.
雙重束縛:文學、摹仿及人類學文集
| 作者： | (法)勒內﹒ 基拉爾(Rene Girard)劉舒陳明珠 | |
| 出版社： | 華夏出版社 | |
| 出版日期： | 2006-01 | |
目錄
人類學的“慾望”與古典/中譯本前言(劉小楓)引言
1.保羅和弗朗西斯卡的摹仿性慾望
2.重審加繆的局外人
3.地下評論
4.瘋癲之略——尼采、瓦格納和陀思妥耶夫斯基
5.成體系的精神錯亂
6.危險的平衡：一種喜劇理論
7.文學和神話中的瘟疫
8.列維一斯特勞斯和當代理論中的區分與互反性
9.神話文本中的暴力和表現
10.與勒內·基拉爾的訪談
*
| 主要作者 | 基拉爾( Girard , René , 1923- ) |
| Girard , René 1923- | |
| 書名/作者 | 替罪羊/ 勒內.吉拉爾(René Girard)著; 馮壽農譯 |
| 出版項 | 台北市: 臉譜出版: 城邦文化發行, 2004[民93] |
| 版本項 | 初版 |
| 附註 | 作者改譯基拉爾 |
| 含參考書目 | |
| 譯自 | Le bouc emissaire |
| ISBN/價格 | 986-7896-90-4 平裝 |
| 標題 | lc Jesus Christ Passion |
| 神學 | |
| lc Violence Religious aspects Christianity | |
| lc Persecution | |
| lc Scapegoat | |
| 其他作者 | 馮壽農 |
主要作者Girard , René , 1923-書名/作者Mimesis and theory : essays on literature and criticism, 1953-2005 / René Girard ; edited and with an introduction by Robert Doran 出版項Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 2008 PN511 G48 2008
René Girard (1923-2015)
勒內．吉拉爾是人類學家和哲學家，在法國出生，25歲留學美國，終生在美國任教。主要著作均先以法文出版，再譯成英文，如《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》(Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque, 1961)、 《暴力與神聖》(La Violence et le sacré, 1972)、《自世界奠基以來就被隱閉的事物》(Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde, 1978)、《代罪羔羊》(Le Bouc émissaire, 1982)和《完成克勞塞維茨 》(Achever Clausewitz, 2007) 等。其作品涉及文學、人類學、聖經解釋學、歷史、哲學和文化理論等。早年在美國成名，在法國則由學者Jean-Michel Oughourlian和Jean-Pierre Dupuy等人討論。
勒內．吉拉爾是人類學家和哲學家，在法國出生，25歲留學美國，終生在美國任教。主要著作均先以法文出版，再譯成英文，如《浪漫主義的謊言與小說的真實》(Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque, 1961)、 《暴力與神聖》(La Violence et le sacré, 1972)、《自世界奠基以來就被隱閉的事物》(Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde, 1978)、《代罪羔羊》(Le Bouc émissaire, 1982)和《完成克勞塞維茨 》(Achever Clausewitz, 2007) 等。其作品涉及文學、人類學、聖經解釋學、歷史、哲學和文化理論等。早年在美國成名，在法國則由學者Jean-Michel Oughourlian和Jean-Pierre Dupuy等人討論。
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