Bertrand Russell, In Praise of Idleness (1932)； Philosophical essays (1910 )，The Arch of Knowledge: An Introductory Study of the History of the Philosophy and Methodology of Science

"This is how the entire course of a life can be changed: by doing nothing."

-- Ian McEwan, author of ON CHESIL BEACH

In 1962, Florence and Edward celebrate their wedding in a hotel on the Dorset coast. Yet as they dine, the expectation of their marital duties weighs over them. And unbeknownst to both, the decisions they make this night will resonate throughout their lives. With exquisite prose, Ian McEwan creates in On Chesil Beach a story of lives transformed by a gesture not made or a word not spoken.

Bertrand Russell's 10 lessons for a creative, happy life – in pictures


Bertrand Russell is a 20th-century philosopher for 21st-century living, arguing we can achieve far more by doing far less. In a new edition of Russell’s 1932 essay, In Praise of Idleness, Australian humourist Bradley Trevor Greive has reimagined some of his finest aphorisms for a good life. Here are our favourites

• In Praise of Idleness illustrated by Bradley Trevor Greive is published by Nero

• 

  An inexact manAll illustrations by Bradley Trevor Greive and published by Nero

  Photograph: Bradley Trevor Greive/Nero

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• 

  Civilised life

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• 

  No one gossips ...

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• 

  The good life

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• 

  Be eccentric

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• 

  Let your artist loose

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• 

  A generation of little men

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  The greatest evils

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  Anything you’re good at

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  The wish to find out

  Photograph: Bradley Trevor Greive/Nero

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Philosophical essays (1910)

Author: Russell, Bertrand, 1872-1970
Subject: Philosophy
Publisher: London ; New York : Longmans, Green
Possible copyright status: NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT
Language: English


《知識的拱門──科學哲學和科學方法論歷史導論》 (The Arch of Knowledge: An Introductory Study of the History of the Philosophy and Methodology of Science)

知識的拱門‧科學哲學和科學方法論歷史導論 　
作　　者： [澳]戴維‧羅傑‧奧爾德羅伊德
出版單位： 商務印書館 　
出版日期： 2008.11



該書用通俗的語言講述科學哲學的發展，從柏拉圖和亞裡士多德一直到80年代。
全書分10章，包括︰古代道統、新科學的哲學、經驗主義和新科學的哲學的問題、事實和理論、19世紀的實證主義、論理學和邏輯經驗主義、新物理學及其對科學哲學的影響、反對歸納主義、作為動態社會系統的科學、結論、參考文獻。


目錄:

前言
第1章　古代道統
第2章　新科學的哲學
第3章　經驗主義問題和新科學的哲學問題
第4章　事實與理論︰赫歇耳、密爾和休額爾以及休額爾一密爾爭論
第5章　19世紀的實證主義
第6章　邏輯與邏輯實證主義
第7章　新物理學及其對科學哲學的影響
第8章　對歸納主義的反動︰波普爾和否証主義
第9章　科學作為一種社會動力系統︰庫恩、拉卡托斯和費耶阿本德──知識社會學的理論家們
第10章　結束語
索引
譯后記

「arch」的搜尋結果

第 13 頁
This shape is, as Turbayne has pointed out, rather like an arch. There is supposedly an 'upward' movement from the information concerning 'particulars' ...

第 14 頁
Some notable modern philosophers such as Karl Popper (see page 30 1 ) have considered the question of how to 'ascend' the arch by suggesting, in effect, ...

第 16 頁
... arch ...

第 18 頁
This will give us some indication of Aristotle's theory of 'arch-climbing'.58 He could, we may suppose, get down from the top, more or less safely, ...

第 21 頁
There would be no need for an 'arch of knowledge' — just a pillar perhaps. And the distinction between deduction and induction would be obliterated. ...

第 23 頁
... break out of the methodological circle and construct the 'arch of knowledge' on a rational and certain basis, without the use of hypothetical reasoning. ...

第 30 頁
'empirics' favoured the attainment of scientific knowledge by climbing the 'arch of knowledge' from the ground upwards; the 'dogmatists' thought it better ...

第 31 頁
... 'the human intellect knows by composition, division and reasoning',111 a supposition that accorded well with the tradition of the 'arch of knowledge'. ...

第 41 頁
Perhaps the difficulty resides in over-indulgence in the 'arch' metaphor, in which the acquisition of knowledge is pictured as a two-way process: upward and ...

第 43 頁
The word has many derivatives in English; for example, archetype, architectonic, architecture, arch-bishop (or arch-rogue), and even just 'arch'. ...

第 58 頁
Galileo was, it seems, still governed by the search for certainty in science — so that the 'arch of knowledge' could be ascended with just as much security ...

第 60 頁
... he relied on something very like the 'arch simile' as a picture of the structure of the processes for the acquisition and deployment of knowledge. ...

第 62 頁
But if we look more closely at Bacon's text we find that he was not contemplating a single arch and one set of causal principles, but a whole hierarchy of ...

第 66 頁
Hooke I have hinted above that Bacon's methodology might appropriately be construed as a version of the ancient 'arch of knowledge'. It must be confessed, ...

第 68 頁
Thus, he has been supposed to have found a cunning device for ascending immediately to the apex of the 'arch of knowledge', descending thereafter from the ...

第 95 頁
It should be noted, perhaps, that the spatial metaphor used here by Descartes is the converse of that arch-like structure to which we have grown accustomed ...

第 134 頁
Such principles could, one might suggest, properly stand at the apex of any self-respecting 'arch of knowledge'. And by means of his 'Copernican Revolution' ...

第 142 頁
In fact, we find here a considerable addition to the literature of arch building. Herschel John FWHerschel (1792-1871), son of the celebrated astronomer ...

第 162 頁
... we may say something further about his discussions of method, analysis and synthesis, and his picture of the 'arch of knowledge'. ...

第 183 頁
... interesting things to say about methods of scientific discovery, which form a vitally important constituent of any book on the history of arch building. ...

第 184 頁
Particularly important for our purposes are his ideas on method — or, as we might say, on 'arch-climbing'. Peirce's ideas on a 'logic of discovery' were ...

第 239 頁
But by a kind of sleight of hand he seemingly managed to turn the arch of knowledge right over and build deductively from observational experiences. ...

第 243 頁
This generated the descending deductive leg of the 'arch of knowledge'. In the case of physics, this would be the work of the theoretical physicist, ...

第 245 頁
In so far as Carnap's arch was secured, this was done at the lowest level, where an empirically testable consequence emerged from the thicket of the logical ...

第 301 頁
Thinking back to the 'arch of knowledge' once more, it is illustrated yet again by Popper's description of science. One starts with a problem, ...

第 319 頁
Thus, in the closing stages of our account we find the venerable 'arch of knowledge' beginning to collapse in a heap. It had, for so very long, ...

第 363 頁
Or perhaps there is a 'structure' to science, but it is so inchoate that no simple-minded picture such as that of an arch may be deemed satisfactory. ...

第 364 頁
So although one can learn a great deal about the history of metascience by considering the history of the 'arch of knowledge', to proceed in this way, ...

第 373 頁
There follow details of the few works known to me that cover broadly the same ground as does The Arch of Knowledge, namely the general history of the ...

第 頁
The Arch of Knowledge provides an introductory account of the history of the philosophy and methodology of science from antiquity to the present day. ...

« 摘要

「bridgman」的搜尋結果

第 263 頁
This will lead us to a consideration of the work of PWBridgman and his doctrine of operationalism, which was strongly influenced by Einstein's work and also ...

第 275 頁
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第 276 頁
很抱歉，此頁的內容受到限制.

第 277 頁
(Kant would certainly have agreed with this, and for reasons somewhat analogous to those of Bridgman. ) But besides the elimination from the domain of ...

第 278 頁
There could, Bridgman continued, be many others concepts in domains such as politics, philosophy or religion that were 'purely verbal', being unconnectable ...

第 279 頁
Bridgman sought to get round the difficulty mentioned in the previous paragraph by suggesting that two methods for measuring (say) time should give results ...

第 280 頁
The pragmatic component is revealed in remarks of Bridgman such as the following: 'what a man means by a term is to be found by observing what he does with ...

第 281 頁
Eddington, however, derived conclusions very different from those of Bridgman. Eddington Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944)44 had one of the most ...

第 294 頁
37 Bridgman op eft( note 29 1952)p9 38 In a 'construction' system such as that of Carnap's Aufbau, this side was strong too — except that it purported to be ...

第 382 頁
... Beginners Writers & Readers London 1979 Williams LP ed Relativity Theory: Its Origins and Impact on Modern Thought Wiley New York 1968 BRIDGMAN Benjamin ...

第 387 頁
... Tycho, 161 Braithwaite, RB, 287 Bridgman, Percy W., 263, 275-81, 283, 290 bibliography, 382 Logic of Modern Physics, 276 The Nature of Physical Theory, ...

第 388 頁
... 174-75 unity of science, 170-72, 175, 2O4 (n.14), 240, 357 (n.5) conceptions see concepts concepts: Aristotle, 18, 22 Bridgman, 276, 79, 283 Comte, ...

第 389 頁
Whewell, 158-59 Wittgenstein, 228-29 correspondence rules (or principles): Bridgman, 278, 280 Duhem, 197, 199, 226, 278, 285 Kuhn, 325 logical empiricists, ...

第 390 頁
... 194-203 bibliography, 380 influences: Bacon, 201 Bridgman, 275, 278, 280 Einstein, 275 Galileo, 195, 197 Kuhn, 322 logical empiricists, 194, 197, 232, ...

第 391 頁
Aristotelian tradition, 274, 283 Berkeley, 138 (n.46) Bridgman, 263, 275-77, 281 Carnap, 274-75, 294 (n.38) Duhem, 275 Eddington, 263-64, 281 Galileo, ...

第 392 頁
... paradigms experiment, men of see Baconian ants experimental methods, 2-3 ancient ideas, 13-14, 26, 38, 46 (n.107) Bacon, 61, 65-67 Bridgman, 275, 277, ...

第 393 頁
... Philipp, 189-93, 207 (n.109), 231, 334 Frege, FL Gottlob, 209-14 bibliography, 380 influences: Bridgman, 280 Carnap, 234, 240 Leibniz, 209-11, 215 Mill, ...

第 396 頁
... 31 idealism: Berkeley, 108, 127, 176, 180 Bradley, 214 Bridgman, 276 Fichte, 127 Hegel, 127, 214 Kant, 127, 142, 149, 157, 176 Locke, 127 Mach, 176, ...

第 397 頁
... 33, 75 Bacon, 65, 94 (n.36) Berkeley, 105-7, 109, 176 Bridgman, 276, 279 Carnap, 222, 234-35 Comte, 171-74, 343 Descartes, 69-70 Duhem, 195-96 Einstein, ...

第 399 頁
... 223 logical empiricists, 23O-55 bibliography, 381 definition, 261 (n.125) history, 367-68 influences: Ayer, 116 Bridgman, 263, 277-78 Comte, 203 Duhem, ...

第 400 頁
... Ernst, 176-82 bibliography, 373, 380 influences: Berkeley, 108, 138 (n.46), 176-77 Bridgman, 275 Comte, 176, 178, 186 Einstein, 138 (n.46), 205 (n.59). ...

第 401 頁
... 71, 87 primary & secondary qualities, 87-88, 107, 119 substance, 89 mechanics: Bridgman, 276-77 Descartes, 71 determinism, 249 Einstein, 274 Galileo, ...

第 402 頁
... 4 ancient, 27, 30 Aristotelian, 14, 19-20, 22-24, 28, 30, 60, 63, 65, 91 Bacon, 24, 41 (n.30), 48, 59-67, 95 (n.46), 143, 146, 247 Bridgman, 275 Comte, ...

第 404 頁
... 263, 275-81, 279, 283, 293 (n.2) see also Bridgman opinion (cf. knowledge), 10-11 Ostwald, Wilhelm, 173 Paduan School, 36-39, 47 (n.134) bibliography, ...

第 405 頁
see also facts bibliography, 373, 375 phenomenalism: influence of, 22 Berkeley, 89, 108, 111, 176, 180 on Aristotle, 14-15, 18, 25, 43 Bridgman, ...

第 407 頁
... 284, 369 bibliography, 380 influences: Aristotelian tradition, 186 Bridgman, 275, 280 Kant, 206 (n.66) Le Roy, 191 logical empiricists, 261 (n. ...

第 408 頁
... 120, 136 (n.10) Popper, 318 Russell, 220 Wolff, 120 rationalists see Baconian spiders Ray, John, 49, 91 realism: Aquinas, 32 Aristotelian, 274 Bridgman, ...

第 409 頁
118) Russell, Bertrand, 214-22 Bridgman, 280 bibliography, 381 influences: Carnap, 87 Frege, 210-11, 213, 215-16218-19, 222 Hume, 221 Leibniz, 210, ...

第 410 頁
... Mannheim; Polanyi solipsism, 177, 369 space & time (absolute/relative): Berkeley, 108 Bridgman, 276-77, 279 Carnap, 234 Einstein, 103 Kant, 121, 125-27, ...

第 411 頁
... 46 (n.115) teleology, 24, 44 (n.83), 58, 120, 139 (n.96) Thales, 7, 40 (n.8) theories, 2, 261 (n.148), 366, 368-69 ancient, 6, 13, 29, 35 Bridgman, ...