卡萊爾（Thomas Carlyle）
（西元1795.12.4—1881.2.5）
蘇格蘭歷史學家、評論家與散文家。結合了德國觀念論與清教徒主義，反對功利主義。代表作包括《舊衣新裁》、《法國革命》和《論英雄和英雄崇拜》等。
自由，尤其是受到社會孤立而被迫得到的自由代償；也就是除了各自的現金帳戶以外，每個人擁有的「不與他人產生連結」的自由──從古至今，這種自由在地球上並不罕見。並且，無論諸君如何予以推崇，世間絕不可能長此以往地忍受下去。儘管所有人都歌頌自由，但由於長久以來備嘗壓迫，所以有高達幾百萬勞工由於糧食的匱乏，而換得了死去的自由；很遺憾地，也有怠惰的幾千人乃至於無可計數的人們，根本毋須工作便能繼續生存。換句話說，在這種神的國度裡，再也不必認真工作，而這也成為另類不祥的自由。
節自《過去與現在》
卡萊爾 Carlyle by A.L.Le Quesne
卡萊爾 聯經，1986 ；Carlyle by A.L.Le Quesne ，OUP，1982
在沒網路、Wikipedia等時代，翻譯參考資料缺，尤其一般史地。
例如，第78頁：
".....步行到城裡去看示威，他走到柏林敦大道 (Burlington Arcade)時遇雨，便乘公共馬車折回...."。
現在，我們很容易查出那是1819年建成的'伯靈頓拱廊街'。
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) was a Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian and teacher. Considered one of the most important social commentators of his time, he presented many lectures during his lifetime with certain acclaim in the Victorian era. He was the first and greatest of the Victorian 'prophets'. The style and imagination of his writing dazzled the young intellectuals of the 1830s, and by the 1840s the scale and radicalism of his social criticism had captured some of the best minds of a conscience-stricken generation. He was proclaimed a great moral leader by such notable figures as dickens, Thackeray, Mrs. Gaskel, Browning and Tennyson, who had all fallen under his prophetic spell. Yet this role was not to last. As England emerged from the economic crisis of the 2840s, Carlyle's vicious attacks on democracy and his gloomy predictions clashed with a new era of liberal optimism. His call for moral leadership developed into an obsession with 'hero-worship'. He no longer saw ordinary men and women as long-suffering and much-abused, but as greedy and shiftless, redeemable only by the iron and merciless discipline of a despot. A. L. Le Quesne examines the rise and fall of this extraordinary man, whose genius was recognized by his contemporaries yet has proved difficult to define ever since. He explains how Carlyle's greatness lay in his ability to voice the needs of a remarkably moral generation, and traces the growing divergence between Carlyle and his disciples, illustrating how they finally came to feel, in the words of one contemporary, that "Carlyle has led us out into the desert - and he has left us there". The Edinburg University Journal said this was "a first-rate introduction".
~~~~~
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) was a Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian and teacher. Considered one of the most important social commentators of his time, he presented many lectures during his lifetime with certain acclaim in the Victorian era. He was the first and greatest of the Victorian 'prophets'. The style and imagination of his writing dazzled the young intellectuals of the 1830s, and by the 1840s the scale and radicalism of his social criticism had captured some of the best minds of a conscience-stricken generation. He was proclaimed a great moral leader by such notable figures as dickens, Thackeray, Mrs. Gaskel, Browning and Tennyson, who had all fallen under his prophetic spell. Yet this role was not to last. As England emerged from the economic crisis of the 2840s, Carlyle's vicious attacks on democracy and his gloomy predictions clashed with a new era of liberal optimism. His call for moral leadership developed into an obsession with 'hero-worship'. He no longer saw ordinary men and women as long-suffering and much-abused, but as greedy and shiftless, redeemable only by the iron and merciless discipline of a despot. A. L. Le Quesne examines the rise and fall of this extraordinary man, whose genius was recognized by his contemporaries yet has proved difficult to define ever since. He explains how Carlyle's greatness lay in his ability to voice the needs of a remarkably moral generation, and traces the growing divergence between Carlyle and his disciples, illustrating how they finally came to feel, in the words of one contemporary, that "Carlyle has led us out into the desert - and he has left us there". The Edinburg University Journal said this was "a first-rate introduction".
~~~~~
Can You Forgive Him?
The New Yorker, November 8, 2004 P. 48
LITERARY LIVES about the friendship between Thomas Carlyle and John Stuart Mill and the effect on that friendship of the manuscript of Carlyle’s “History of the French Revolution” being burned while in Mill’s possession… Writer tells about Mill arriving at Carlyle’s house in 1835 to give Carlyle the news about the loss of his manuscript. Mill insisted on compensating Carlyle and eventually got him to accept a hundred pounds… Tells about Carlyle magnanimously forgiving his friend… As the years went on, though, the friendship withered; the destruction of the manuscript had more implications than Carlyle realized…Tells about Mill’s affair with a married woman, Harriet Taylor, and the suspicion that she may have had something to do with the destruction of the manuscript… Describes the origins of the Mill-Carlyle friendship… From the very first, Carlyle, who was looking for a disciple, mistook how different he and Mill were… Carlyle lived in a remote part of Scotland. He felt drawn to studying people when they were strained to the utmost… He wanted to write a book about the French Revolution. Mill’s collection of books on the subject was one of the finest in the world. Tells about Mill’s political beliefs and his plans to launch a Radical magazine to be called The London Review. While Carlyle disapproved of the Radicals, he hoped to edit the magazine. Ultimately, Mill became the editor… Mill, who was known for his preternatural calm, was worked up to a considerable pitch by his affair with Taylor… Tells about Taylor’s influence on Mill’s late works, including “On Liberty.” Describes the agonizing process by which Carlyle rewrote his book. Tells about his opinions of the Revolution and his ideas about English politics of the time. When “The French Revolution” was published in 1837, John Stuart Mill made sure he was the first to review it… Mentions Mill’s praise, as well as some of his reservations. Charles Dickens based “A Tale of Two Cities” on Carlyle’s book… Tells about Carlyle’s lecture series “On Heroes and Hero-Worship” in which he insulted Mill. Also tells about the Eyre Affair in Jamaica. Mill and Carlyle had opposing views of the affair… Tells about Carlyle’s later works, including his biography of Frederick the Great, the book Goebbels read to Hitler in the bunker… Carlyle decided the solution to contemporary agitations was oppression… Tells about Mill’s “Autobiography” in which he acknowledges that his initial opinion of Carlyle may have been incorrect…
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