2012年6月20日 星期三

Grazia Deledda: La Madre (1920) [The Mother]《母親》


The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926

Grazia Deledda

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926

Grazia Deledda

Autobiography

Grazia DeleddaI was born in the little town of Nuoro in Sardinia in 18711. My father was a fairly well-to-do landowner who farmed his own land. He was also a hospitable man and had friends in all of the towns surrounding Nuoro. When these friends and their families had to come to Nuoro on business or for religious holidays, they usually stayed at our house. Thus I began to know the various characters of my novels. I went only to elementary school in Nuoro. After this, I took private lessons in Italian from an elementary school teacher. He gave me themes to write about, and some of them turned out so well that he told me to publish them in a newspaper. I was thirteen and I didn't know to whom I should go to have my stories published. But I came across a fashion magazine. I took the address and sent off a short story. It was immediately published. Then I wrote my first novel, Fior di Sardegna (1892) [Flower of Sardinia], which I sent to an editor in Rome. He published it, and it was quite successful. But my first real success was Elias Portolú (1903), which was first translated by the Revue des deux mondes, and then into all of the European languages. I have written a great deal:
Novels: Anime oneste, romanzo famigliare (1895) [Honest Souls], with preface by Ruggero Bonghi; Il vecchio della montagna (1900) [The Old Man of the Mountain] followed by a dramatic sketch Odio vince(1904) [HateWins] ; Elias Portolú (1903); Cenere (1904) [Ashes]; Nostalgie (1905); La via del male (1896) [The Evil Way]; Naufraghi in porto [originally Dopo il divorzio, 1902] (1920) [After the Divorce]; L'edera (1908) [The Ivy]; Il nostro padrone (1910) [Our Master]; Sino al confine (1910) [Up to the Limit]; Nel deserto (1911) [In the Desertl; Colombi e sparvieri (1912) [Doves and Falcons]; Canne al vento (1913) [Canes in the Wind]; Le colpe altrui (1914) [The Others' Faults]; Marianna Sirca (1915); L'incendio nell'oliveto (1918) [The Fire in the Olive Grove]; La Madre (1920) [The Mother]; Il segreto dell'uomo solitario (1921) [The Secret of the Solitary Man]; Il Dio dei viventi (1922) [The God of the Living]; La danza della collana (1924) [The Dance of the Necklace], followed by the dramatic sketch A sinistra (1924) [To the Left]; La fuga in Egitto (1925) [The Flight into Egypt]; Annalena Bilsini (1927).
Short Stories: «Il giuochi della vita» (1905) [The Gambles in Life]; «Chiaroscuro» (1912) [Light and Dark]; «Il fanciullo nascosto» (1915) [The Hidden Boy]; «Il ritorno del figlio» (1919) [The Son's Return]; «La bambina rubata» (1919) [The Stolen Child]; «Cattive com pagnie» (1921) [Evil Company]; «Il flauto nel bosco» (1923) [The Flute in the Wood]; «Il sigillo d'amore» (1926) [The Seal of Love].

L'edera (1912) [The Ivy], a play in three acts, with the collaboration of Camillo Antona-Traversi.

In 1900 I took my first trip. It was to Cagliari, the beautiful Sardinian capital. There I met my husband. We later moved to Rome, where I am presently living. I have also written some poems which have not been collected in a volume.

Biographical note on Grazia Deledda
Grazia Deledda (1875-1936) continued to write extensively after she received the Nobel Prize. La casa del poeta (1930) [The Poet's House] and Sole d'estate (1933) [Summer Sun], both collections of short stories, reflect her optimistic vision of life even during the most painful years of her incurable illness. Life remains beautiful and serene, unaltered by personal suffering; man and nature are reconciled in order to overcome physical and spiritual hardship.

In many of her later works, Grazia Deledda combined the imaginary and the autobiographical; this blend is readily apparent in her novel, Il paese del vento (1931) [Land of the Wind]. In another novel, L'argine (1934) [The Barrier], the renunciation of worldly things, including love, mirrors the life of the author who, accepting self-sacrifice as a higher manner of living, is reconciled with God. The common trait of all her later writings is a constant faith in mankind and in God.

Two of Grazia Deledda's novels were published posthumously: Cosima (1937) and Il cedro di Libano (1939) [The Cedar of Lebanon].
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
1. According to other sources 1875.

 《母親》（諾貝爾文學獎全集）Mother by Grazia Deledda 台北遠景出版社  1984年初版 
母親/葛萊西雅.德蕾達(Grazia Deledda)/ 
譯者楊月蓀紀念館
 http://blog.udn.com/patrickyang2008/5280086

書簡三封  收入《意大利經典散文》上海文藝 2004 頁156-59  格拉齊婭 黛萊達


　格拉齊婭·黛萊達不屬於那類圍繞主題討論問題的作家。她總是使自己遠離當時的論爭。當艾倫·凱伊試圖引她加入那種爭論時，她回答說：“我屬於過去。”也許她的這種表態並不完全正確，因為格拉齊婭·黛萊達體會到她與過去、與其人民的歷史有緊密的聯繫。但是，她也懂得如何在她自己的時代生活，知道該怎樣給予反映。雖然她對理論缺乏興趣，但她對人生的每個方面都有著強烈的興趣。

她在一封信中寫道：“我們的最大痛苦是生命之緩慢的死亡。因此，我們必須努力放慢生活的進程，使之強化，賦予它盡可能豐富的意義。人必須努力淩駕於他的生活之上，就像海洋上空的一片雲那樣。”準確地講，正因為生活對於她來說是那樣地豐富和可愛，因而她從不參與當今在政治、社會或文學領域的論爭。她愛人類勝過愛理論，一直在遠離塵囂之處過著她那平靜的生活。

她在另一封信中寫道：“命運註定我生長在孤僻的薩丁島的中心。但是，即使我生長在羅馬或斯德哥爾摩，我也不會有什麼兩樣。我將永遠是我——是個對生活問題冷淡而清醒地觀察人的真實面貌的人，同時我相信他們可以生活得更好，不是別人，而是他們自己阻礙了獲取上帝給予他們在世上的權力。現在到處都是仇恨、流血和痛苦；但是，這一切也許可以通過愛和善良加以征服。”

　　這最後的話表達了她對生活的態度，嚴肅而深刻，富有宗教的意味。這種態度雖然是感傷的，卻絕不悲觀。她堅信在生活的鬥爭中善的力量最終會獲勝。在小說《灰燼》的結尾，她清楚明確地表達出她的創作原則。安納尼亞的母親受到污辱，為了不影響兒子的幸福，她結束了自己的生命，躺在兒子的面前。當兒子還在繈褓中時，她曾送給他一個護身符。現在他將護身符打開，發現裏邊只是包著灰燼。“是啊，生命，死亡，人類，一切都是灰燼，這就是她的命運。而在這最後的時刻，他站在人類最悲慘的屍體面前。她生前犯了錯，也受到惡行的各種懲罰，現在為了別人的幸福而死去。他忘不了在這包灰燼中，常常閃爍著燦爛而純淨的火花。他懷著希望，而且仍熱愛著生活。”


作品剖析
　　《母親》為黛萊達晚期創作中的一部佳作。它描寫一位虔誠的天主教徒發現自己當神父的兒子保羅違背教
《山中老人》

規去和一個女人幽會後，心中驚恐萬分，痛苦不堪，她決心要從魔鬼手中救出兒子，把他交還給上帝，可是她的計畫未能成功，因為保羅既不想拋棄聖人的外衣，又想得到人世的歡樂。宗教戒律和自然法則在他身上發生劇烈的衝突，這既表現了保羅內心世界人性與神性的衝突，也象徵性地表現了人類感性與理性、靈與肉的永恆衝突。作品通過大量的回憶、想像、夢境、幻覺、心靈對話以及內心獨白等多種手法，從不同側面、不同角度、不同層次描寫了人物的內心活動，這是作者最有代表性的一部抒情心理小說。《孤獨者的秘密》也是黛萊達晚期創作中的一部重要作品。小說寫孤身住在海邊荒灘上的男主人公克利斯基諾在和一寡婦結婚前訴說了自己的秘密。小說盡力渲染他的孤單寂寞，以此表明他對人生、對他人和對社會的恐懼與逃避，寫出了現代人的生存困境和他們被扭曲的心靈。
　　黛萊達於一九三六年八月十五日在羅馬逝世。翌年出版了她的自傳體小說《柯西瑪》和中篇小說《黎巴嫩雪松》。[1]


作品列表
　　《風中蘆葦》
　　《薩丁島的傳說》
　　《正直的靈魂》
　　《邪惡之路》
　　《山中老人》
　　《灰燼》
　　《常青藤》
　　《鴿子和老鷹》
　　《風中蘆葦》
　　《孤獨的秘密》
　　《生者的上帝》
　　《飛過埃及》

主な著作 [編集]

邦訳 [編集]

  • 悪の道 / 有島生馬,岩崎純孝訳　世界文学全集　新潮社、1932　
  • 正直な心 /下位文子訳 春陽堂 1933　
  • 愛の封印 / 岩崎純孝訳 山本書店 1936　
  • 二つの真心 / 隈部逸人訳 弘文堂書房 1940
  • 砂漠の中 / 岩崎純孝 訳　ノーベル賞文学叢書　今日の問題社、1940　
  • 実義な人々 / 原田謙次訳 モダン日本社、1941　
  • 邪道　有島生馬訳　日本出版社、1942　
  • 常春藤 /柏熊達生訳　河出書房、1952　
  • 灰 / 丸弘訳 弘文堂 1966.
  • コロンバ 誘惑 マルヴー一家(大久保昭男訳) ノーベル賞文学全集　主婦の友社、1972　

作品的中譯

  • 諾貝爾文學獎全集編譯委員會/ 編譯，《戴麗達》，台北市：九五文化出版，1981年。
  • 黃文捷、蕭天佑/譯，《邪惡之路》，廣西桂林市：灕江出版，1991年。黃文捷/譯，《惡之路》，台北市：一方出版，2003年。黃文捷/譯，《邪惡之路》，上海人民出版社，2008年。
  • 沈萼梅、劉錫榮/譯，《長青藤》，廣州市：花城出版社，1996年。

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